Arthur

Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx

• attestation: Among the subsidiary questions raised may be instanced those of magic and the origin of druidism; not to mention a neglected aspect of the Arthurian legend, the intimate association of the Arthur of W (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume I > Preface)

  "Among the subsidiary questions raised may be instanced those of magic and the origin of druidism; not to mention a neglected aspect of the Arthurian legend, the intimate association of the Arthur of Welsh folklore and tradition with Snowdon, and Arthur's attitude towards the Goidelic population in his time."

• attribution: Then he continues to the following effect: — ' But the latter part of this book was thought out under the bushes and green foUage in a bit of a place of my own called y Clun Hir, at the top of Cwm y I (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume I > Chapter I: Undine's Kymric Sisters)

  "Then he continues to the following effect: — ' But the latter part of this book was thought out under the bushes and green foUage in a bit of a place of my own called y Clun Hir, at the top of Cwm y ILwch, below the spurs of the mountain of Bannwchdeni, which some call Bann Arthur and others Moel Arthur."

• attribution: The spot on which Corwrion stands is part of the ground between the Ogwen and another stream which bears the name of 'Afon Cegin Arthur,' or the River of Arthur's Kitchen, and most of the houses and f (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume I > Chapter I: Undine's Kymric Sisters)

  "The spot on which Corwrion stands is part of the ground between the Ogwen and another stream which bears the name of 'Afon Cegin Arthur,' or the River of Arthur's Kitchen, and most of the houses and fields about have names which have suggested various notions to the people there: such are the farms called ' Coed Howel,' whence the belief in the neighbourhood that Howel Da, King of Wales, lived here."

• attestation: King Arthur and his war-horse have the credit amongst the mountaineers here of ridding them of the monster, in place of Hu the Mighty, in proof of which is shown an impression on a neighbouring rock b (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume I > Chapter II: The Fairies' Revenge)

  "King Arthur and his war-horse have the credit amongst the mountaineers here of ridding them of the monster, in place of Hu the Mighty, in proof of which is shown an impression on a neighbouring rock bearing a resemblance to those made by the shoe or hoof of a horse, as having been left there by his charger when our British Hercules was engaged in this redoubtable act of prowess, and this impression has been given the name of Cam March Arthur, the hoof of Arthur's horse, which it retains to this day."

• attestation: • Out of excessive fondness for our Arthur English people translate this name into Arthur's Seat instead of Idris' Seat; but Idris was also somebody 1 he was a giant with a liking for the study of the (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume I > Chapter III: Fairy Ways and Words)

  "• Out of excessive fondness for our Arthur English people translate this name into Arthur's Seat instead of Idris' Seat; but Idris was also somebody 1 he was a giant with a liking for the study of the stars."

• attestation: One of Arthur's warriofs, whose name was March (or Parch) Amheirchion ^, was lord of Castettmarch in ILeyn (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume I > Chapter III: Fairy Ways and Words)

  "One of Arthur's warriofs, whose name was March (or Parch) Amheirchion ^, was lord of Castettmarch in ILeyn."

• attestation: Amgylchynir y Marchlyn Mawr gan greigiau erchytt yr olwg arnynt; a dywed tractodiad Sarfod i un feibton y Rhiwen ^ unwaith tra yn cynorthwyo dafad oeS wedi syrthio Hr creigiau i dbd odiyno, darganfod (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume I > Chapter III: Fairy Ways and Words)

  "Amgylchynir y Marchlyn Mawr gan greigiau erchytt yr olwg arnynt; a dywed tractodiad Sarfod i un feibton y Rhiwen ^ unwaith tra yn cynorthwyo dafad oeS wedi syrthio Hr creigiau i dbd odiyno, darganfod ogof anferth: aeth i fewn iSi a gwelod' ei bod yn ttawn drysorau ac arfau gwerthfawr; ond gan ei bod yn dechreu tywyfttu, a dringo i fynu yn orchwyl anhawd: hyd yn nod yn ngoleu'r dyd; aeth adref y noswaith honno, a boreu drannoeth ar lasiad y dyS cychwynnoS eilwaith i'r ogof, ac heb lawer drafferth daeth hyd idi: aeth i fewn, a dechreuod edrych o'i amgylch ar y trysorau oed yno: — Ar ganol yr ogof yr oed bwrd' enfawr aur pur, ac ar y bwrd goron aur a pherlau: deattod yn y fan mai coron a thrysorau Arthur oedynt — nesaod" at y bwrd, a phan oed yn estyn ei law i gymeryd gafael yn y goron dychrynwyd ef gan drwst erchytt, trwst megys mil daranau yn ymrwygo uwch ei ben ac aeth yr hott le can dywytted a'r afagdu."

• attestation: He understood at once that they were the crown and treasures of Arthur (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume I > Chapter III: Fairy Ways and Words)

  "He understood at once that they were the crown and treasures of Arthur."

• attestation: Arthur Moore assures me that it is always understood to be bows and arrows, not guns (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume I > Chapter IV: Manx Folklore)

  "Arthur Moore assures me that it is always understood to be bows and arrows, not guns."

• attestation: Arthur Moore or Mr (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume I > Chapter IV: Manx Folklore)

  "Arthur Moore or Mr."

• attestation: Arthur Moore, in his book on Manx Surnames and Place-Names, p (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume I > Chapter V: The Fenodyree and his Friends)

  "Arthur Moore, in his book on Manx Surnames and Place-Names, p. 200, mentions a Chibber Unjin, which means the Well of the Ash-tree, and he states that there grew near it ' formerly a sacred ash-tree, where votive offerings were hung.'"

• attestation: The character varied: Morgain le Fay was a designing and wicked person; but Morgan was also the name of a well disposed lady of the same fairy kind, who took Arthur away to be healed at her home in th (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume I > Chapter VI: The Folklore of the Wells)

  "The character varied: Morgain le Fay was a designing and wicked person; but Morgan was also the name of a well disposed lady of the same fairy kind, who took Arthur away to be healed at her home in the Isle of Avallon."

• attribution: We seem to be on the track of the same confusing influence of the name, when it occurs in the story of Geraint and Enid; for there the chief physician of Arthur's court is called Morgan Tut or Morgant (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume I > Chapter VI: The Folklore of the Wells)

  "We seem to be on the track of the same confusing influence of the name, when it occurs in the story of Geraint and Enid; for there the chief physician of Arthur's court is called Morgan Tut or Morgant Tut, and the word tut has been shown by M."

• attestation: In my Arthurian Legend, p (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume I > Chapter VI: The Folklore of the Wells)

  "In my Arthurian Legend, p. 361, 1 have attempted to show that the name Liban may have its Welsh equivalent in that of Lion, occurring in the name oiK-yn EJion, or ILion's Lake, the bursting of which is described in the latest series of Triads, iii. 13, 97, as causing a sort of deluge."

• attestation: Pughe of Aberdovey, the same feat was performed at ILyn Barfog, not, however, by Hu and his oxen, but by Arthur and his horse (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VII: Triumphs of the Water-world)

  "Pughe of Aberdovey, the same feat was performed at ILyn Barfog, not, however, by Hu and his oxen, but by Arthur and his horse."

• attestation: To be more exact the task may be here considered as done by Arthur superseding Hu: see p. 142 above (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VII: Triumphs of the Water-world)

  "To be more exact the task may be here considered as done by Arthur superseding Hu: see p. 142 above."

• attribution: Du Moroed is in the story of Kulhwch and Olwen called Du March Moro, ' Black the Steed of Moro,' the horse ridden in the hunt of Twrch Trwyth by Gwyn ab Nud, king of the other world; and he appears as (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VII: Triumphs of the Water-world)

  "Du Moroed is in the story of Kulhwch and Olwen called Du March Moro, ' Black the Steed of Moro,' the horse ridden in the hunt of Twrch Trwyth by Gwyn ab Nud, king of the other world; and he appears as a knight with his name unmistakably rendered into Brun de Morois in the romance of Durmart le Galois, who carries away Arthur's queen on his horse to his castle in Morois ^."

• comparison: It refers, with six other englynioH by other authors, to a rf^markable rock called Cnig y Binas, with which Talieain associated a cave where Arthur or (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VII: Triumphs of the Water-world)

  "It refers, with six other englynioH by other authors, to a rf^markable rock called Cnig y Binas, with which Talieain associated a cave where Arthur or Owen Lawgocb and his men are supposed, according to him. to enjoy a teculai' aleep. aod it implies that Blodeuwed', whose end in the Mabinegi of Hath was to be converted into an owl, was, according to another account, ovenrbehned by Craig y €>inas."

• attestation: For some more remarks on this subject generally, see my Arthurian Ligntdy chapter xv, on the * Isles of the Dead (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VII: Triumphs of the Water-world)

  "' For some more remarks on this subject generally, see my Arthurian Ligntdy chapter xv, on the * Isles of the Dead.'"

• attestation: Both were leaders of the Foraori in Irish tales: see my Arthurian Legend, p. 356 (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VII: Triumphs of the Water-world)

  "Both were leaders of the Foraori in Irish tales: see my Arthurian Legend, p. 356."

• attestation: Let us now come to the treasure caves, and begin with Ogof Arthur, 'Arthur's Cave,' in the southern side of MjTiyd y Cnwc^ in the parish of ILangwyfan, on the south-western coast of Anglesey (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "Let us now come to the treasure caves, and begin with Ogof Arthur, 'Arthur's Cave,' in the southern side of MjTiyd y Cnwc^ in the parish of ILangwyfan, on the south-western coast of Anglesey."

• attestation: He mentions a local tradition, that it contains various treasures, and that it temporarily afforded Arthur shelter in the course of his wars with the Gwydelod or Goidels (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "He mentions a local tradition, that it contains various treasures, and that it temporarily afforded Arthur shelter in the course of his wars with the Gwydelod or Goidels."

• attestation: He also told him that the distinguished person they had seen was Arthur, and the others his warriors; and they lay there asleep with their arms ready at hand, for the dawn of that day when the Black E (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "He also told him that the distinguished person they had seen was Arthur, and the others his warriors; and they lay there asleep with their arms ready at hand, for the dawn of that day when the Black Eagle and the Golden"

• relationship: He adds that in this tale as related to his mother ' in her very.young da3rs * by a very old woman, known as Mari Shencin y Clochyd, * Jenkin the Sexton's Mary,' the place of Arthur was taken by Owen (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "He adds that in this tale as related to his mother ' in her very.young da3rs * by a very old woman, known as Mari Shencin y Clochyd, * Jenkin the Sexton's Mary,' the place of Arthur was taken by Owen feawgoch, ' Owen of the Red Hand,* of whom more anon."

• relationship: According to lolo's son, Taliesin Williams^ or Taliesin ab lolo, the Craig y Sinas with which the Cave of Arthur (or Owen Lawgoch) is associated is the one on the borders of Glamorgan and Brecknockshi (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "According to lolo's son, Taliesin Williams^ or Taliesin ab lolo, the Craig y Sinas with which the Cave of Arthur (or Owen Lawgoch) is associated is the one on the borders of Glamorgan and Brecknockshire."

• comparison: The next Arthurian story is not strictly in point, for it makes no allusion to treasure; but as it is otherwise so similar to lolo's tale I cannot well avoid introducing it here (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "The next Arthurian story is not strictly in point, for it makes no allusion to treasure; but as it is otherwise so similar to lolo's tale I cannot well avoid introducing it here."

• attestation: Well,' said the guide, ' these are Arthur's thousand soldiers reposing and sleeping till the Kymry have need of them (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "' Well,' said the guide, ' these are Arthur's thousand soldiers reposing and sleeping till the Kymry have need of them."

• attestation: In this last version the hero is not Arthur, but the later man as follows: — Not the least of the wonders of imagination wont to exercise the minds of the old people was the story of Owen Lawgoch (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "In this last version the hero is not Arthur, but the later man as follows: — Not the least of the wonders of imagination wont to exercise the minds of the old people was the story of Owen Lawgoch."

• attestation: ' these are Arthur's thousand soldiers reposing and sleeping till the Kymry have need of them (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "' these are Arthur's thousand soldiers reposing and sleeping till the Kymry have need of them. Now let us get out as fast as our feet can carry us.' When they reached the top of the stairs"

• attribution: To return to lolo's yarn, one may say that there are traces of his story as at one time current in Merionethshire, but with the variation that the Welshman met the wizard not on London Bridge but at a (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "To return to lolo's yarn, one may say that there are traces of his story as at one time current in Merionethshire, but with the variation that the Welshman met the wizard not on London Bridge but at a fair at Bala, and that the cave was somewhere in Merioneth: the hero was Arthur, and the cave was known as Ogof Arthur."

• attestation: This remark will at once recall to the reader's mind the well-known verses^ of the Scottish poet, Leyden, as to Arthur asleep in a cave in the Eildon Hills in the neighbourhood of Melrose Abbey (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "This remark will at once recall to the reader's mind the well-known verses^ of the Scottish poet, Leyden, as to Arthur asleep in a cave in the Eildon Hills in the neighbourhood of Melrose Abbey."

• attestation: Uie tccne of the exploils of Owain Law Gocli. a cliaraclcr who appcan to have abiorbed some of the features of Arthurian romaoce (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "Uie tccne of the exploils of Owain Law Gocli. a cliaraclcr who appcan to have abiorbed some of the features of Arthurian romaoce."

• comparison: Fisher, writing in the same year, but on the authority of somewhat later hearsay, expresses himself as follows: — ' I remember hearing two traditions respecting OgoV Ginas: (i) that King Arthur and hi (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "Fisher, writing in the same year, but on the authority of somewhat later hearsay, expresses himself as follows: — ' I remember hearing two traditions respecting OgoV Ginas: (i) that King Arthur and his warriors lie sleeping in it with their right hands clasping the hilts of their drawn swords ready to encounter anyone who may venture to disturb their repose— is there not a dituns somewhere in Carnarvonshire with a similar legend?"

• attribution: That, he says, is the story, and there to this day remains in the pass, he asserts, the heap of stones called Canted Arthur, 'Arthur's Cairn': the pass is called Bwlch y Saethau, ' the Pass of the Arr (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "That, he says, is the story, and there to this day remains in the pass, he asserts, the heap of stones called Canted Arthur, 'Arthur's Cairn': the pass is called Bwlch y Saethau, ' the Pass of the Arrows.'"

• attestation: Near Arthur's Cairn on the shoulder of Snowdon Lie the remains of the famous giant Ricca (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "Near Arthur's Cairn on the shoulder of Snowdon Lie the remains of the famous giant Ricca."

• attestation: Thus far the Brython^ and I have only to remark that this legend is somewhat remarkable for the fact of its representing the Youths of Eryri sleeping away in their cave without Arthur among them (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "Thus far the Brython^ and I have only to remark that this legend is somewhat remarkable for the fact of its representing the Youths of Eryri sleeping away in their cave without Arthur among them."

• attestation: This is in Cwm Dyli, and there in that cave those warriors are said to be Still, sleeping in their armour and awaiting the second ^ming of Arthur to restore the crown of Britain to the Kymry (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "This is in Cwm Dyli, and there in that cave those warriors are said to be Still, sleeping in their armour and awaiting the second ^ming of Arthur to restore the crown of Britain to the Kymry."

• attestation: There Arthur fell, and his body was buried in the pass so that no enemy might march that way so long as Arthur's dust rested there (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "There Arthur fell, and his body was buried in the pass so that no enemy might march that way so long as Arthur's dust rested there."

• relationship: 371 of the same volume:— After Arthur's death on Bwlch y Saethau, his men ascended to the ridge of the ILiwed" and descended thence into a vast cave called Ogof £,ancian Eryri, ' the young Men of Snow (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "Then Ogof ILanciau Eryri is the subject of the following story given at p. 371 of the same volume:— After Arthur's death on Bwlch y Saethau, his men ascended to the ridge of the ILiwed" and descended thence into a vast cave called Ogof £,ancian Eryri, ' the young Men of Snowdonia's Cave,' which is in the precipitous cliff on the left-hand side near the top of ILyn tt-ydaw."

• attestation: pushed up the bwUh or pass, towards Cwm Dyli; but when the vanguard of the army with Arthur leading had reached the top of the pass, the enemy discharged a shower of arrows at them (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "From Tregalan the latter were. pushed up the bwUh or pass, towards Cwm Dyli; but when the vanguard of the army with Arthur leading had reached the top of the pass, the enemy discharged a shower of arrows at them."

• attestation: In 1850 Cam^S Arthur, 'Arthur's Caim," was to be seen on the top of Bwlch y Saethau, but he does not know whether it is still so, as he has not been up there since the building of the hotel (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "In 1850 Cam^S Arthur, 'Arthur's Caim," was to be seen on the top of Bwlch y Saethau, but he does not know whether it is still so, as he has not been up there since the building of the hotel."

• comparison: It is possible to trace Arthur's march from Dinas Emr-s up the slopes of Hafod y Borth, over the shoulder of the Aran and Braich yr Oen to Tregalan — or Cwm Tregalan, as it is now called — but from T (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "It is possible to trace Arthur's march from Dinas Emr-s up the slopes of Hafod y Borth, over the shoulder of the Aran and Braich yr Oen to Tregalan — or Cwm Tregalan, as it is now called — but from Tregalan he would have to climb in a north-easterly direction in order to reach Bwlch y Saethau, where he is related to have fallen and to have been interred beneath a caim."

• attestation: No sooner had that happened than those men of Arthur's took up their guns — never mind the anachronism — and the shepherd made his way out more dead than alive; and the frightened fellow never recover (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "No sooner had that happened than those men of Arthur's took up their guns — never mind the anachronism — and the shepherd made his way out more dead than alive; and the frightened fellow never recovered from the shock to the day of his death."

• attestation: ;gins from the top of the ILiwed, but ordinai'ily speaking one could not descend to where it is supposed to have been without the help of ropes, which seems incompatible with the story of the Cwm DyU (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  ";gins from the top of the ILiwed, but ordinai'ily speaking one could not descend to where it is supposed to have been without the help of ropes, which seems incompatible with the story of the Cwm DyU shepherd foUo-fting a sheep until he was at the mouth of the cave; not to mention the difficulty which the descent would have offered to Arthur's men when they entered it."

• attestation: When these warriors take up their guns they fire away, we are told, without mercy from where each man stands: they are not to advance a single step till Arthur comes to call them back to the world (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "When these warriors take up their guns they fire away, we are told, without mercy from where each man stands: they are not to advance a single step till Arthur comes to call them back to the world."

• comparison: He deserves more attention, however, when he places Camed' Drystan, * Tristan or Tristram's Cairn,' on a spur of that mountain, to wit, towards the east above Ffynnon y ILyffaint \ For it is worthy of (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "He deserves more attention, however, when he places Camed' Drystan, * Tristan or Tristram's Cairn,' on a spur of that mountain, to wit, towards the east above Ffynnon y ILyffaint \ For it is worthy of note that the name of Drystan, associated with Arthur in the later romances, should figure with that of Arthur in the topography of the same Snowdon district."

• attestation: Now concerning Arthur one need at this point hardly speak, except to say that the Welsh belief in the eventual return of Arthur was at one time a powerful motive affecting the behaviour of the people (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "Now concerning Arthur one need at this point hardly speak, except to say that the Welsh belief in the eventual return of Arthur was at one time a powerful motive affecting the behaviour of the people of Wales, as was felt, for instance, by English statesmen in the reign of Henry II."

• attestation: But by our time the expected return of Arthur— r«»ji^ /«A<rw5— has dissipated itself into a commonplace of folklore fitted only to point an allegory, as when Elvet Lewis, one of the sweetest of living (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "But by our time the expected return of Arthur— r«»ji^ /«A<rw5— has dissipated itself into a commonplace of folklore fitted only to point an allegory, as when Elvet Lewis, one of the sweetest of living Welsh poets, sings in a poem entitled Arthur gyda m\ 'Arthur with us ':—"

• attestation: Arthur Fawr yn tysgu, Great Arthur stiU is sleeping, (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "Mai Arthur Fawr yn tysgu, Great Arthur stiU is sleeping,"

• attestation: One finds, however, no trace of Cadwaladr in our cave legends: the heroes of them are Arthur and Owen Lawgoch (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "One finds, however, no trace of Cadwaladr in our cave legends: the heroes of them are Arthur and Owen Lawgoch."

• attestation: Arthur Fawr i fynu Great Arthur forth will saDy (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "Daw Arthur Fawr i fynu Great Arthur forth will saDy"

• attestation: that Arthur and his men are biding their time near Caerleon on the Usk, to wit, in a cave resembling generally those described in the foregoing legends (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "that Arthur and his men are biding their time near Caerleon on the Usk, to wit, in a cave resembling generally those described in the foregoing legends."

• attestation: That is very possibly just what had happened at a remoter period in the case of the Arthur legend itself (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "That is very possibly just what had happened at a remoter period in the case of the Arthur legend itself."

• attestation: It is useless to try to discuss the question of Arthur's disappearance; but take Garry Geerlaug, for instance, a roving Norseman, as we may suppose from his name, who may have suddenly disappeared wit (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "It is useless to try to discuss the question of Arthur's disappearance; but take Garry Geerlaug, for instance, a roving Norseman, as we may suppose from his name, who may have suddenly disappeared with his followers, never more to be heard of in the east of Ireland."

• attestation: In other words, Arthur has taken the place of some ancient divinity, such as that dimly brought within our ken by Plutarch in the words placed at the head of this chapter (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "In other words, Arthur has taken the place of some ancient divinity, such as that dimly brought within our ken by Plutarch in the words placed at the head of this chapter."

• attribution: In the first place, one will have noticed that Arthur and Owen Lawgoch come more or less in one another's way; and the presumption is that Owen Lawgoc (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "In the first place, one will have noticed that Arthur and Owen Lawgoch come more or less in one another's way; and the presumption is that Owen Lawgoch has been to a certain extent ousting Arthur, who may be regarded as having the prior claim, not to mention that in the case of the Gwr Blew cave, p. 481, Owen is made by an apparently recent version of the story to evict from his lair a commonplace robber of no special interest."

• attestation: Fisher's version of the story of Ogo'r Ginas, which, according to him, says that Arthur and his warriors there lie sleeping with their right hands clasping the hilts of their drawn swords, ready to en (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "Fisher's version of the story of Ogo'r Ginas, which, according to him, says that Arthur and his warriors there lie sleeping with their right hands clasping the hilts of their drawn swords, ready to encounter any one who may venture to disturb their repose."

• attestation: Arthur reach: His wounds are healed, a royal maid the leech; His pains assuaged, he now with her must dwell, (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "Avallon's court see suffering Arthur reach: His wounds are healed, a royal maid the leech; His pains assuaged, he now with her must dwell,"

• attestation: maiden Morgen; and, according to an anonymous poet \ it is identified as in her charms that one should look for the reason why Arthur tarries so long: — (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "maiden Morgen; and, according to an anonymous poet \ it is in her charms that one should look for the reason why Arthur tarries so long: —"

• attestation: This is also the teaching of the ancient legend about Arthur (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "This is also the teaching of the ancient legend about Arthur, who goes away to the of Avallon to be healed of his wounds by the"

• attestation: In the case of Arthur it is, as we have seen, a fairy also or a lake lady that intervenes; and there cannot be much room for doubt, that the story representing him going to fairyland to be healed is f (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "In the case of Arthur it is, as we have seen, a fairy also or a lake lady that intervenes; and there cannot be much room for doubt, that the story representing him going to fairyland to be healed is far older than any which pictures him sleeping in a cave with his warriors and his gold all around him."

• attestation: With regard to Owen Lawgoch, however, one is not forced to suppose that he was ever believed to have sojourned in Faery: the legendary precedent of Arthur as a cave sleeper would probably suffice to o (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "With regard to Owen Lawgoch, however, one is not forced to suppose that he was ever believed to have sojourned in Faery: the legendary precedent of Arthur as a cave sleeper would probably suffice to open the door for him to enter the recesses of Craig y Ginas, as soon as"

• relationship: 3o':~Drystan' son of Tattwch who guarded the swine of March son of Meirchion while the swineherd went to bid EssyHt come to meet him: at the same lime Arthur sought to have one sow by fraud or force, (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "i. 3o':~Drystan' son of Tattwch who guarded the swine of March son of Meirchion while the swineherd went to bid EssyHt come to meet him: at the same lime Arthur sought to have one sow by fraud or force, and failed."

• attestation: Now Arthur and Marchelt and Cai and Bedwyr undertook to go and make an attempt on him, but they proved unable to get possession of as much as one porker either as a gift or as a purchase, whether by f (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "Now Arthur and Marchelt and Cai and Bedwyr undertook to go and make an attempt on him, but they proved unable to get possession of as much as one porker either as a gift or as a purchase, whether by fraud, by force, or by theft."

• attestation: Arthur and March and Cai and Bedwyr came all four to him, but obtained from Drystan not even as much as a single porker, whether by force, by fraud, or by theft (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "Arthur and March and Cai and Bedwyr came all four to him, but obtained from Drystan not even as much as a single porker, whether by force, by fraud, or by theft."

• attestation: Now one of the swine was with young and Henwen was her name; and it was foretold that the Isle of Prydain would be the worse for her litter; and Arthur collected the host of Prydain and went about to (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "Now one of the swine was with young and Henwen was her name; and it was foretold that the Isle of Prydain would be the worse for her litter; and Arthur collected the host of Prydain and went about to destroy it."

• attestation: Menw now returned and assured Arthur that. the treasures were really about the Twrch's head as it was reported (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "Menw now returned and assured Arthur that. the treasures were really about the Twrch's head as it was reported."

• attestation: Menw was a great magician who usually formed one of any party of Arthur's men about to visit a pagan country; for it was his business to subject the inhabitants to magic and enchantment, so that they (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "Menw was a great magician who usually formed one of any party of Arthur's men about to visit a pagan country; for it was his business to subject the inhabitants to magic and enchantment, so that they should not see Arthur's men, while the latter saw them."

• attestation: Arthur then crossed to Ireland with a host and did not stop until he found Twrc (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "Arthur then crossed to Ireland with a host and did not stop until he found Twrch"

• relationship: The plot of the Kulhwch renders it necessary that these precious articles should be procured; so Kulhwch prevails on his cousin Arthur to undertake the hunt Arthur began by sending one of his men, to (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "The plot of the Kulhwch renders it necessary that these precious articles should be procured; so Kulhwch prevails on his cousin Arthur to undertake the hunt Arthur began by sending one of his men, to wit, Menw ^ son of Teirgwaed, to see whether the three precious things mentioned were really where they were said to be, namely, between Twrch Trwyth's ears."

• relationship: 57, he is reckoned one of the Three Battle-knights who were favourites at Arthur's court, the others being Caradog Freichfras and ILyr ILOydog or ILud' ILurugog, while in iii, 29 Menwaed's place is ta (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "In another Triad, however, i. 23 = ii. 57, he is reckoned one of the Three Battle-knights who were favourites at Arthur's court, the others being Caradog Freichfras and ILyr ILOydog or ILud' ILurugog, while in iii, 29 Menwaed's place is taken by a son of his called Mael Hir."

• attestation: David's, but Arthur went that night to Mynyw, which seems to have been Menevia or St (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "David's, but Arthur went that night to Mynyw, which seems to have been Menevia or St."

• attestation: Arthur and his men began the hunt again, while his warriors were ranged on both sides of the Nyfer or the river Nevem (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "Arthur and his men began the hunt again, while his warriors were ranged on both sides of the Nyfer or the river Nevem."

• attestation: In the course of the hunt in that district the Twrch killed Arthur's four champions and many of the people of the country (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "In the course of the hunt in that district the Twrch killed Arthur's four champions and many of the people of the country."

• attestation: Enough evil has God done to us when He fashioned us in this shape, without your coming to fight with us/ Gwrhyr replied: * I tell you that Arthur will fight for the comb, the razor, and the shears tha (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "Enough evil has God done to us when He fashioned us in this shape, without your coming to fight with us/ Gwrhyr replied: * I tell you that Arthur will fight for the comb, the razor, and the shears that are between the ears of Twrch Trwyth/ ' Until his life has first been taken,' said Grugyn, ' those trinkets shall not be taken, and to-morrow morning we set out hence for Arthur's own country, and all the harm we can, shall we do there.'"

• attestation: The boars accordingly set out for Wales, while Arthur with his host, his horses, and his hounds, on board his ship Prydwen, kept within sight of them (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "The boars accordingly set out for Wales, while Arthur with his host, his horses, and his hounds, on board his ship Prydwen, kept within sight of them."

• attestation: The next day Arthur was told that the boars had gone past, and he overtook them killing the herds of Kynnwas Cwrvagyl, after they had destroyed all they could find in Deugledyf, whether man or beast (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "The next day Arthur was told that the boars had gone past, and he overtook them killing the herds of Kynnwas Cwrvagyl, after they had destroyed all they could find in Deugledyf, whether man or beast."

• attestation: Arthur's men, however, succeeded in killing one of the Twrch's offspring, and they asked Arthur the history ' of that swine (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "Arthur's men, however, succeeded in killing one of the Twrch's offspring, and they asked Arthur the history ' of that swine."

• attestation: Arthur replied that it had been a king before being transformed by God into a swine on account of his sins (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "Arthur replied that it had been a king before being transformed by God into a swine on account of his sins."

• attestation: Arthur's next move was to send one of his men, Gwrhyr, interpreter of tongues ^ to parley with the boars (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "Arthur's next move was to send one of his men, Gwrhyr, interpreter of tongues ^ to parley with the boars."

• attestation: Gwrhyr, in the form of a bird, alighted above where Twrch Trwyth and his swine lay, and addressed them as follows: ' For the sake of Him who fashioned you in this shape, if you can speak, I ask one of (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "Gwrhyr, in the form of a bird, alighted above where Twrch Trwyth and his swine lay, and addressed them as follows: ' For the sake of Him who fashioned you in this shape, if you can speak, I ask one of you to come to converse with Arthur.'"

• attestation: this shape, we shall not do so, and we shall not converse with Arthur (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "this shape, we shall not do so, and we shall not converse with Arthur."

• attestation: This brought Arthur and his host to the rescue, and Twrch Trwyth, on his part, came to help his boars; but as a tremendous attack was now made on him he moved away, leaving the ILychwr, and making eas (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "This brought Arthur and his host to the rescue, and Twrch Trwyth, on his part, came to help his boars; but as a tremendous attack was now made on him he moved away, leaving the ILychwr, and making eastwards for Mynyd Amanw, or 'the Mountain of Amman,' for Amanw is plentifully preserved in that neighbourhood in the shortened form of Aman or Amman ''."

• attestation: After much trouble, Arthur's men succeed in getting possession oftwo out of the three treasures of the boar, but he escapes with the third, namely, the comb, across the Severn ' (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "After much trouble, Arthur's men succeed in getting possession oftwo out of the three treasures of the boar, but he escapes with the third, namely, the comb, across the Severn '."

• attestation: We next find Twrch Trwyth, now the sole survivor, making his way towards the Severn: so Arthur summons Cornwall and Devon to meet him at Aber Hafren or Severn mouth (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "We next find Twrch Trwyth, now the sole survivor, making his way towards the Severn: so Arthur summons Cornwall and Devon to meet him at Aber Hafren or Severn mouth."

• relationship: Arthur sends to the hunt on the banks of the Nevern, in Pembrokeshire, his men, EU and Trachmyr, Gwarthegyd son of Caw, and Bed (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "Arthur sends to the hunt on the banks of the Nevern, in Pembrokeshire, his men, EU and Trachmyr, Gwarthegyd son of Caw, and Bedwyr; also Tri meib CU3y-v Divwlch, ' three Sons of the Gapless Sword.'"

• attestation: hood, and he kills Glewlwyd Gavaelvawr's three men, Huandaw, Gogigwr, and Penn Pingon, many of the men of the country also, and Gwlydyn Saer, one of Arthur's chief architects (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "hood, and he kills Glewlwyd Gavaelvawr's three men, Huandaw, Gogigwr, and Penn Pingon, many of the men of the country also, and Gwlydyn Saer, one of Arthur's chief architects."

• relationship: He turns to bay a second time in Cwm Kerwyn, and kills Gwydre son of Arthur, Garselid Wydel, Glew son of Yscawt, and Iscawyn son of Bannon or Panon (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "He turns to bay a second time in Cwm Kerwyn, and kills Gwydre son of Arthur, Garselid Wydel, Glew son of Yscawt, and Iscawyn son of Bannon or Panon."

• relationship: Twrch Trwyth makes for Cwm Kerwyn in the Preselly Mountains, and turns to bay, killing the following men, who are called Arthur's four rhyswyr^ or champions — Gwarthegyd son of Caw, Tarawg of Attt Clw (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "Twrch Trwyth makes for Cwm Kerwyn in the Preselly Mountains, and turns to bay, killing the following men, who are called Arthur's four rhyswyr^ or champions — Gwarthegyd son of Caw, Tarawg of Attt Clwyd, Rheidwn son of Eli At'er, and Iscovan Hael."

• relationship: The dogs are also mentioned: Drudwyn, Greid son of Eri'swhelp, led by Arthurhimself; Glythmyr Ledewig's two dogs, led by Gwarthegyd son of Caw; and Arthur's dog CavaH, led by Bedwyr (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "The dogs are also mentioned: Drudwyn, Greid son of Eri'swhelp, led by Arthurhimself; Glythmyr Ledewig's two dogs, led by Gwarthegyd son of Caw; and Arthur's dog CavaH, led by Bedwyr."

• attestation: E-wydawc goes to Ystrad Yw, where he is met by the Men of ILydaw, and he kills Hirpeissawc, king of ILydaw, also ILygatrud Emys and Gwrbothu H6n, maternal uncles to Arthur (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "E-wydawc goes to Ystrad Yw, where he is met by the Men of ILydaw, and he kills Hirpeissawc, king of ILydaw, also ILygatrud Emys and Gwrbothu H6n, maternal uncles to Arthur."

• relationship: Arthur overtakes the Twrch next in Peuliniauc (p (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "Arthur overtakes the Twrch next in Peuliniauc (p. 512 above); and the Twrch there kills Madawc son of Teithion, Gwyn son of Tringad son of Neued, and Eiriawn Penttoran."

• attribution: 363-5, traces the hunt through several places called after Arthur, such as Buarth Arthur, ' Arthur's Cattle-pen,' and Bwrct Arthur, 'Arthur's Table,' besides others more miscellaneously named, such as (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "Lady Charlotte Guest, in her Mabinogion, ii. 363-5, traces the hunt through several places called after Arthur, such as Buarth Arthur, ' Arthur's Cattle-pen,' and Bwrct Arthur, 'Arthur's Table,' besides others more miscellaneously named, such as Tzvyny Moch, 'the Swine's Hill,' near the source of the Amman, and JLixyn y Moch, * the Swine's Grove,' near the foot of the same eminence."

• attestation: Quando venatus est porcum Troit^ impressit Cabal, qui erat canis Arthuri miliiis, vestigium in lapide, et Arthur postea congregavit congestutn lapidum sub lapide in quo erat vestigium canis suif et va (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "Quando venatus est porcum Troit^ impressit Cabal, qui erat canis Arthuri miliiis, vestigium in lapide, et Arthur postea congregavit congestutn lapidum sub lapide in quo erat vestigium canis suif et vacatur Cam Cabal."

• attribution: Cafall, the dog of the warrior Arthur, when chasing the pig Trwyd printed the mark of his foot on it, and Arthur afterwards collected a heap of stones underneath the stone in which was the footmark of (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "Cafall, the dog of the warrior Arthur, when chasing the pig Trwyd printed the mark of his foot on it, and Arthur afterwards collected a heap of stones underneath the stone in which was the footmark of his dog, and it is called Cafaff s Cairn."

• attestation: But to return to the incident recorded by Nennius, one has to remark that it does not occur in the Kulhwch; nor, seeing the position of the hill, can it have been visited by Arthur or his dog in the c (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "But to return to the incident recorded by Nennius, one has to remark that it does not occur in the Kulhwch; nor, seeing the position of the hill, can it have been visited by Arthur or his dog in the course of the Twrch Trwyth hunt as described by the redactor of the story in its present form."

• attestation: Evidence of the indebtedness of story-tellers in Wales to their brethren of the same profession in Ireland is comparatively scarce; and almost in every instance of recent research establishing a conne (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "Evidence of the indebtedness of story-tellers in Wales to their brethren of the same profession in Ireland is comparatively scarce; and almost in every instance of recent research establishing a connexion between topics or incidents in the Arthurian romances and the native literature of Ireland, the direct contact may be assumed to have been with the folklore and legend of the Goidelic inhabitants of Wales, whether before or after their change of language."

• comparison: senting Arthur marching up the side of Snowdon towards Bwlch y Saethau, where he fails and is buried under a cairn named from him CameS Arthur: see p (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter X: Difficulties of the Folklorist)

  "senting Arthur marching up the side of Snowdon towards Bwlch y Saethau, where he fails and is buried under a cairn named from him CameS Arthur: see p. 473, We are not told who his enemies were; but with this question has usually been associated the late Triad, iii. 20, which alludes to Arthur meeting in Nanhwynain with Medrawd or Medrod (Modred) and Idawc Com Prydain, and to his being betrayed, for the benefit and security of the Saxons in the island."

• attestation: Another story brings Arthur and the giant Rhita into collision, the latter of whom has already been mentioned as having, according to local tradition, his grave on the top of Snowdon: see pp (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter X: Difficulties of the Folklorist)

  "Another story brings Arthur and the giant Rhita into collision, the latter of whom has already been mentioned as having, according to local tradition, his grave on the top of Snowdon: see pp. 474-9."

• attestation: This may be illustrated by reference to a group of legends which project a vanishing distinction between the two kindred races of Brythons and Goidels in Wales; and into the story of some of them Arth (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter X: Difficulties of the Folklorist)

  "This may be illustrated by reference to a group of legends which project a vanishing distinction between the two kindred races of Brythons and Goidels in Wales; and into the story of some of them Arthur is introduced playing a principal r6le."

• attestation: He confesses to having falsified the friendly messages of Arthur to Medrod, and to succeeding thereby in bringing on th^ fatal battle of Camlan, from which Idawc himself escaped to do penance for seve (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter X: Difficulties of the Folklorist)

  "He confesses to having falsified the friendly messages of Arthur to Medrod, and to succeeding thereby in bringing on th^ fatal battle of Camlan, from which Idawc himself escaped to do penance for seven years on the ILeck Las^ ' Grey Stone ^' in Prydain or Pictland."

• attestation: I may here add that it is the name Snowdon itself, probably, that underlies the Sengudon or Sinadoun of such Arthurian romances as the English version of Libeaus Desconus, though the place meant has b (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter X: Difficulties of the Folklorist)

  "I may here add that it is the name Snowdon itself, probably, that underlies the Sengudon or Sinadoun of such Arthurian romances as the English version of Libeaus Desconus, though the place meant has been variously supposed to be situated elsewhere than in the Snowdon district: witness Sinodun Hill in Berkshire ^"

• comparison: 3, where Arthur is made to tell how the giant, after destroying the other kings and using their beards in the way mentioned, asked him for his beard to fix above the other beards, as he stood above th (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter X: Difficulties of the Folklorist)

  "to the shaving is related by Geoffrey of Monmouth, x. 3, where Arthur is made to tell how the giant, after destroying the other kings and using their beards in the way mentioned, asked him for his beard to fix above the other beards, as he stood above them in rank, or else to come and fight a duel with him."

• attribution: Arthur, as might be expected, chose the latter course, with the result that he slew Rhita, there called Ritho^ at a place said to be in Aravio Monte, by which the Welsh translator under-, stood the ch (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter X: Difficulties of the Folklorist)

  "Arthur, as might be expected, chose the latter course, with the result that he slew Rhita, there called Ritho^ at a place said to be in Aravio Monte, by which the Welsh translator under-, stood the chief mountain of Eryri^ or Snowdon."

• attestation: wherfor the messager came for kyng Arthurs herd For kyng Ryons had purfyled a mantel with kynges berdes (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter X: Difficulties of the Folklorist)

  "they gaf hym their berdys clene flayne of. as moche as ther was. wherfor the messager came for kyng Arthurs herd For kyng Ryons had purfyled a mantel with kynges berdes. and there lacked one place of the mantel. wherfor he sente for his herd or els he wold entre in to his landes. and brenne and slee. & neuer leue tyl he haue the hede and the herd.'"

• attestation: In fact, one detects Eurnach or Umach as Wrnach or Gwrnach in the story of Kulhwch and Olwen* in the Red Book, where we are told that Kei or Cai, and others of Arthur's men, got into the giant's castl (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter X: Difficulties of the Folklorist)

  "In fact, one detects Eurnach or Umach as Wrnach or Gwrnach in the story of Kulhwch and Olwen* in the Red Book, where we are told that Kei or Cai, and others of Arthur's men, got into the giant's castle and cut off his head in order to secure his sword, which was one of the things required for the hunting of Twrch Trwyth."

• attribution: We seem to find the process echoed In the Triads when they mention as a favourite at Arthur's Court the lord of Arttechwed, named Menwaed, who has been guessed, p, 507 above, to have been a Goidel (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter X: Difficulties of the Folklorist)

  "We seem to find the process echoed In the Triads when they mention as a favourite at Arthur's Court the lord of Arttechwed, named Menwaed, who has been guessed, p, 507 above, to have been a Goidel."

• attestation: Maelgwn's death took place, according to the oldest manuscript of the Annates Cambrice^ in the year 547, or ten years after the Battle of Camlan — in which, as it says, Arthur and Medrod fell (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter X: Difficulties of the Folklorist)

  "Maelgwn's death took place, according to the oldest manuscript of the Annates Cambrice^ in the year 547, or ten years after the Battle of Camlan — in which, as it says, Arthur and Medrod fell."

• attribution: To come back to the eagle, later Welsh literature, re-echoing probably an ancient notioti, speaks of a nephew of Arthur, called Eliwlod, appearing to Arthur as an eagle seated likewise among the branc (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter XI: Folklore Philosophy)

  "To come back to the eagle, later Welsh literature, re-echoing probably an ancient notioti, speaks of a nephew of Arthur, called Eliwlod, appearing to Arthur as an eagle seated likewise among the branches of an oak."

• attestation: He claims acquaintance and kinship with Arthur, but he has to explain to him that he has died: they have a dialogue ^ in the course of which the eagle gives Arthur some serious Christian advice (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter XI: Folklore Philosophy)

  "He claims acquaintance and kinship with Arthur, but he has to explain to him that he has died: they have a dialogue ^ in the course of which the eagle gives Arthur some serious Christian advice."

• attestation: Add to these instances of transformation the belief prevalent in Cornwall almost to our own day, that Arthur himself, instead of dying, was merely changed by magic into a raven, a form in which he sti (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter XI: Folklore Philosophy)

  "Add to these instances of transformation the belief prevalent in Cornwall almost to our own day, that Arthur himself, instead of dying, was merely changed by magic into a raven, a form in which he still goes about; so that a Comishman will not wittingly fire at a raven ^."

• comparison: 47''-8^ where Arthur loudly sings the praises of his friend Cai, The couplet in point runs thus: — (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter XI: Folklore Philosophy)

  "A similar instance seems to occur in a poem in the Black Book of Carmarthen, fos. 47''-8^ where Arthur loudly sings the praises of his friend Cai, The couplet in point runs thus: —"

• attestation: Go, therefore, unto Arthur to cut thy hair, and ask this of him as a boon." (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter XII: Race in Folklore and Myth)

  "Go, therefore, unto Arthur to cut thy hair, and ask this of him as a boon."'"

• attestation: easy for thee," answered his father- " Arthur is thy cousin (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter XII: Race in Folklore and Myth)

  "easy for thee," answered his father- " Arthur is thy cousin."

• relationship: In Ihc Twrch Trwyth slory (Oxford e nr Arthur's tnen bears the curious designation of Rtid6n nab iliyltHtr, vihicti might be Englished 'R, son of the Restoring Ointment,' unless ooe should rather say (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter XII: Race in Folklore and Myth)

  "In Ihc Twrch Trwyth slory (Oxford e nr Arthur's tnen bears the curious designation of Rtid6n nab iliyltHtr, vihicti might be Englished 'R, son of the Restoring Ointment,' unless ooe should rather say ' of the Restoring Enchantmenl.'"

• relationship: The latter had belonged to that hero's father and mother till the break-up of the family, when the dwarfs went to Arthur's Court, where they lived a whole year without speaking to anybody (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter XII: Race in Folklore and Myth)

  "The latter had belonged to that hero's father and mother till the break-up of the family, when the dwarfs went to Arthur's Court, where they lived a whole year without speaking to anybody."

• attestation: With them also the shape-shifting Menw, though not found placed in the same unfavourable light, is probably to be ranged, as one may gather from his n (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter XII: Race in Folklore and Myth)

  "With them also the shape-shifting Menw, though not found placed in the same unfavourable light, is probably to be ranged, as one may gather from his name and his rOle of wizard scout for Arthur's men (p. 510)."

• comparison: A somewhat similar ogress is located by another story on the high ground at Bwlch y Rhiw Felen, on the way from ILangotten to ILandegla, and she is represented by the local tradition as contemporary w (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter XII: Race in Folklore and Myth)

  "A somewhat similar ogress is located by another story on the high ground at Bwlch y Rhiw Felen, on the way from ILangotten to ILandegla, and she is represented by the local tradition as contemporary with Arthur '."

• attestation: The incidents in these lines are mostly unintelligible to me, but the incarceration of Gweir or Gwair, together with other Imprisonments, including that of Arthur in CaerOeth and Anoeth {p (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter XII: Race in Folklore and Myth)

  "The incidents in these lines are mostly unintelligible to me, but the incarceration of Gweir or Gwair, together with other Imprisonments, including that of Arthur in CaerOeth and Anoeth {p. 619), are mentioned also in the Triads: see i. 50, ii. 7, 49, iii. 61."

• attribution: The fortress is on an island, and in poem XXX of the Book of Taliessin we read of Arthur and his men sailing thither in his ship Prydwen: the poem is usually called the ' Spoils of Annwn,' and the lin (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter XII: Race in Folklore and Myth)

  "The fortress is on an island, and in poem XXX of the Book of Taliessin we read of Arthur and his men sailing thither in his ship Prydwen: the poem is usually called the ' Spoils of Annwn,' and the lines in point run thus: —"

Layamon's Brut

• attestation: and thus said he there right, Arthur the noble knight: "Lord Christ, God's Son, be to us now in aid, that I may in life hold God's laws!" Arthur was fifteen years old, when this tiding was told to him, and all they were well employed, for he was much instructed. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and thus said he there right, Arthur the noble knight: "Lord Christ, God's Son, be to us now in aid, that I may in life hold God's laws!"

Arthur was fifteen years old, when this tiding was told to him, and all they were well employed, for he was much instructed."

• attestation: For dead is Uther Pendragon, and thou art Arthur, his son;. (Layamon's Brut)

  "For dead is Uther Pendragon, and thou art Arthur, his son;"

• relationship: and dead is the other, Aurelie his brother." Thus they gan tell, and Arthur sate full still;. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and dead is the other, Aurelie his brother." Thus they gan tell, and Arthur sate full still;"

• attestation: One while he was wan, and in hue exceeding pale; one while he was red, and was moved in heart. (Layamon's Brut)

  "one while he was wan, and in hue exceeding pale;"

• attestation: One while he was red, and was moved in heart. When it all brake forth, it was good that he spake. (Layamon's Brut)

  "one while he was red, and was moved in heart."

• attestation: When it all brake forth, it was good that he spake. (Layamon's Brut)

  "When it all brake forth, it was good that he spake;"

• attribution: they came to London, to a mickle husting, and the rich thanes betook them all to counsel, that they would send messengers over sea into Britanny, after the best of all youth that was in the worlds-realm in those days, named Arthur the strong, the best of all knights;. (Layamon's Brut)

  "they came to London, to a mickle husting, and the rich thanes betook them all to counsel, that they would send messengers over sea into Britanny, after the best of all youth that was in the worlds-realm in those days, named Arthur the strong, the best of all knights;"

• attestation: Say that he should come soon to his kingdom; for dead was he Uther Pendragon, as Aurelie was ere, and Uther Pendragon had no other son, that might after his days hold by law the Britons, maintain with worship, and rule this kingdom. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and say that he should come soon to his kingdom;"

• attribution: Forth they gan proceed into Britanny, and they full soon came to Arthur.--"Hail be thou, Arthur, noblest of knights! Uther thee greeted, when he should depart, and bade that thou shouldest thyself in Britain hold right laws, and help thy folk, and defend this kingdom, as good king should do, defeat thy enemies, and drive them from land. (Layamon's Brut)

  "forth they gan proceed into Britanny, and they full soon came to Arthur.--"Hail be thou, Arthur, noblest of knights!"

• attestation: Arthur held up his right hand, an oath he there swore, that never by his life, for no man's lore, should the Saxons become blithe in Britain, nor be landholders, nor enjoy worship, but he would drive them out, for they were at enmity with him. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur held up his right hand, an oath he there swore, that never by his life, for no man's lore, should the Saxons become blithe in Britain, nor be landholders, nor enjoy worship, but he would drive them out, for they were at enmity with him."

• attestation: Arthur engaged in combat involving Uther (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur forth-right took his wise knights, were it lief to them were it loath to them, they all swore the same oath, that they would truly hold with Arthur, and avenge the King Uther, whom the Saxons killed here."

• attestation: Arthur sent his writs wide over his land, after all the knights that he might obtain, that they full soon should come to the king, and he would in land lovingly maintain them. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur sent his writs wide over his land, after all the knights that he might obtain, that they full soon should come to the king, and he would in land lovingly maintain them;"

• attribution: When that it was all come, a numerous folk, up arose Arthur noblest of kings, and caused to be brought before him reliques well choice, and thereto the king gan soon to kneel thrice,--his people knew not what he would pronounce. (Layamon's Brut)

  "When that it was all come, a numerous folk, up arose Arthur noblest of kings, and caused to be brought before him reliques well choice, and thereto the king gan soon to kneel thrice,--his people knew not what he would pronounce."

• attestation: Thereto were arrived all his knights, rich men and poor, to honour the king. When that it was all come, a numerous folk, up arose Arthur noblest of kings, and caused to be brought before him reliques well choice, and thereto the king gan soon to kneel thrice,--his people knew not what he would pronounce. (Layamon's Brut)

  "thereto were arrived all his knights, rich men and poor, to honour the king."

• attestation: There came Arthur against him, ready with his fight; on a broad ford the hosts them met, vigorously their brave champions attacked, the fated fell to the ground! (Layamon's Brut)

  "There came Arthur against him, ready with his fight;"

• attestation: On a broad ford the hosts them met, vigorously their brave champions attacked, the fated fell to the ground! There was much blood shed, and woe there was rife, shivered shafts, men there fell! (Layamon's Brut)

  "on a broad ford the hosts them met, vigorously their brave champions attacked, the fated fell to the ground!"

• attestation: There was much blood shed, and woe there was rife, shivered shafts, men there fell! Arthur saw that, in mood he was uneasy, Arthur bethought him what he might do, and drew him backward on a broad field. (Layamon's Brut)

  "There was much blood shed, and woe there was rife, shivered shafts, men there fell!"

• attestation: Arthur saw that, in mood he was uneasy, Arthur bethought him what he might do, and drew him backward on a broad field. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur saw that, in mood he was uneasy, Arthur bethought him what he might do, and drew him backward on a broad field."

• attestation: Arthur fled or retreated (Layamon's Brut)

  "When his foes weened that he would fly, then was Colgrim glad, and all his host with him, they weened that Arthur had with fear retreated there, and passed over the water, as if they were mad."

• attribution: When Arthur saw that, that Colgrim was so nigh to him, and they were both beside the water, thus said Arthur, noblest of kings: "See ye not, my Britons, here beside us, our full foes--Christ destroy them!--Colgrim the strong, out of Saxland? (Layamon's Brut)

  "When Arthur saw that, that Colgrim was so nigh to him, and they were both beside the water, thus said Arthur, noblest of kings: "See ye not, my Britons, here beside us, our full foes--Christ destroy them!--Colgrim the strong, out of Saxland?"

• attestation: The Saxish men shall abide sorrow, and we avenge worthily our friends." Up caught Arthur his shield, before his breast, and he gan to rush as the howling wolf, when he cometh from the wood, behung with snow, and thinketh to bite such beasts as he liketh. (Layamon's Brut)

  "The Saxish men shall abide sorrow, and we avenge worthily our friends." Up caught Arthur his shield, before his breast, and he gan to rush as the howling wolf, when he cometh from the wood, behung with snow, and thinketh to bite such beasts as he liketh."

• attribution: Arthur then called to his dear knights: "Advance we quickly, brave thanes! (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur then called to his dear knights: "Advance we quickly, brave thanes!"

• relationship: Baldolf swore in his anger, that he would be Arthur's bane, and possess all this realm, with Colgrim his brother. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Baldolf swore in his anger, that he would be Arthur's bane, and possess all this realm, with Colgrim his brother."

• attestation: Baldolf would not wait for the kaiser Childric, but thence he marched forth, and drew him forth right north, from day to day, with his bold folk, until he came into a wood, into a wilderness, full seven miles from Arthur's host. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Baldolf would not wait for the kaiser Childric, but thence he marched forth, and drew him forth right north, from day to day, with his bold folk, until he came into a wood, into a wilderness, full seven miles from Arthur's host."

• attestation: All it otherwise happened, other than he weened. (Layamon's Brut)

  "But all it otherwise happened, other than he weened;"

• attestation: He had thought by night with seven thousand knights to ride upon Arthur, and fell his folk, and himself kill. (Layamon's Brut)

  "He had thought by night with seven thousand knights to ride upon Arthur, and fell his folk, and himself kill."

• attestation: The land in Alemaine was his own. When Baldolf heard, where he lay by the sea, that Arthur had inclosed Colgrim in York, Baldolf had assembled seven thousand men, bold fellows, who by the sea lay. (Layamon's Brut)

  "the land in Alemaine was his own."

• attestation: When Baldolf heard, where he lay by the sea, that Arthur had inclosed Colgrim in York, Baldolf had assembled seven thousand men, bold fellows, who by the sea lay. (Layamon's Brut)

  "When Baldolf heard, where he lay by the sea, that Arthur had inclosed Colgrim in York, Baldolf had assembled seven thousand men, bold fellows, who by the sea lay;"

• attestation: They took them to counsel, that back they would ride, and leave Childric, and proceed into York, and fight with Arthur, and destroy all his people. Baldolf swore in his anger, that he would be Arthur's bane, and possess all this realm, with Colgrim his brother. (Layamon's Brut)

  "they took them to counsel, that back they would ride, and leave Childric, and proceed into York, and fight with Arthur, and destroy all his people."

• attestation: He could harp exceeding well in his childhood. (Layamon's Brut)

  "He could harp exceeding well in his childhood;"

• attestation: Oft men him smote with wands most smart. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Oft men him smote with wands most smart;"

• attestation: and had his dear men with sorrow deserted, and fled him so far north, that he came so forth, where Arthur lay on the weald, with his powerful host, all about York--king most surprising! (Layamon's Brut)

  "and had his dear men with sorrow deserted, and fled him so far north, that he came so forth, where Arthur lay on the weald, with his powerful host, all about York--king most surprising!"

• attestation: With his harp he went to the king's host, and gan there to play, and much game to make. Oft men him smote with wands most smart. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and with his harp he went to the king's host, and gan there to play, and much game to make."

• attestation: Baldolf was gone aside to save himself, and fled through the wilderness, wondrously fast. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Baldolf was gone aside to save himself, and fled through the wilderness, wondrously fast;"

• attestation: Arthur was in London, with all the Britons. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur was in London, with all the Britons;"

• attestation: He thought never more of Arthur to have mercy, unless he would become his man, Arthur, Uther's son. (Layamon's Brut)

  "He thought never more of Arthur to have mercy, unless he would become his man, Arthur, Uther's son."

• attestation: Pass over the country, and cease any noise; horns and trumpets, all should be relinquished. (Layamon's Brut)

  "pass over the country, and cease any noise;"

• attribution: Sent him to Lincoln to his dear men, and he said to them in sooth, with mouth, that Arthur would come, noblest of kings, at the midnight, and with him many a good knight.--"And ye within, then be ye ware, that when ye hear the din, that ye the gates unfasten; and sally out of the burgh, and fell your foes. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and sent him to Lincoln to his dear men, and he said to them in sooth, with mouth, that Arthur would come, noblest of kings, at the midnight, and with him many a good knight.--"And ye within, then be ye ware, that when ye hear the din, that ye the gates unfasten;"

• attribution: Arthur took a knight, that was a brave man and active. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur took a knight, that was a brave man and active;"

• attribution: Arthur was in London, noblest of kings, and heard say sooth relation, that Howel the strong was come to land, forth-right to Hamtone, with thirty thousand knights, and with innumerable folk, that followed the king. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur was in London, noblest of kings, and heard say sooth relation, that Howel the strong was come to land, forth-right to Hamtone, with thirty thousand knights, and with innumerable folk, that followed the king;"

• attestation: Arthur towards him marched, with great bliss. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur towards him marched, with great bliss;"

• attestation: Then were there together two good armies, of whom Howel should command thirty thousand knights, and Arthur had in land forty thousand in hand. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then were there together two good armies, of whom Howel should command thirty thousand knights, and Arthur had in land forty thousand in hand."

• attestation: Arthur with his forces marched toward the burgh. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur with his forces marched toward the burgh;"

• attestation: and Arthur fore-ordered his knights, by day and night, that they should proceed as still, as if they would steal;. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and Arthur fore-ordered his knights, by day and night, that they should proceed as still, as if they would steal;"

• attestation: Horns and trumpets, all should be relinquished. Arthur took a knight, that was a brave man and active. (Layamon's Brut)

  "horns and trumpets, all should be relinquished."

• attestation: On one side they it felled, full seven miles, one tree upon another, truly fast; on the other side he surrounded it with his army, three days and three nights. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and on one side they it felled, full seven miles, one tree upon another, truly fast;"

• attestation: They left forty thousand slain, and deprived of life-day, felled to the ground; Alemainish men, with mischief destroyed, and the Saxish men, brought to the ground! (Layamon's Brut)

  "and they left forty thousand slain, and deprived of life-day, felled to the ground;"

• attestation: Alemainish men, with mischief destroyed, and the Saxish men, brought to the ground! (Layamon's Brut)

  "Alemainish men, with mischief destroyed, and the Saxish men, brought to the ground!"

• attribution: Saw Arthur, noblest of kings, that Childric was flown, and into Calidon gone, and Colgrim and Baldulf with him were gone into the high wood, into the high holm. And Arthur pursued after with sixty thousand knights of British people. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then saw Arthur, noblest of kings, that Childric was flown, and into Calidon gone, and Colgrim and Baldulf with him were gone into the high wood, into the high holm."

• attestation: And Arthur pursued after with sixty thousand knights of British people;. (Layamon's Brut)

  "And Arthur pursued after with sixty thousand knights of British people;"

• attestation: Now and evermore they pray thy mercy. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Now and evermore they pray thy mercy;"

• attestation: Thy men they will become, and thy honour advance, and they will give to thee hostages enow, and hold thee for lord, as to thee shall be liefest of all, if they may depart hence with life into their land; and bring evil tidings. (Layamon's Brut)

  "thy men they will become, and thy honour advance, and they will give to thee hostages enow, and hold thee for lord, as to thee shall be liefest of all, if they may depart hence with life into their land;"

• attestation: They took twelve knights, and sent forth-right, where he was in tent, by the wood's end. (Layamon's Brut)

  "They took twelve knights, and sent forth-right, where he was in tent, by the wood's end;"

• attribution: The one called anon with quick voice: "Lord Arthur, thy peace! We would speak with thee. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and the one called anon with quick voice: "Lord Arthur, thy peace!"

• attestation: He there became his man, with all his knights. Four-and-twenty hostages Childric there delivered, all they were chosen, and noble men born. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and he there became his man, with all his knights."

• attestation: They delivered their horses, and their burnies, spears and shields, and their long swords; all they relinquished that they there had. (Layamon's Brut)

  "they delivered their horses, and their burnies, spears and shields, and their long swords;"

• attestation: All they relinquished that they there had. Forth they gan to march until they came to the sea, where their good ships by the sea stood. (Layamon's Brut)

  "all they relinquished that they there had."

• attestation: Forth they gan to march until they came to the sea, where their good ships by the sea stood. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Forth they gan to march until they came to the sea, where their good ships by the sea stood."

• attestation: The land they all left, and floated with the waves, that no sight of land they might see. The water was still, after their will. (Layamon's Brut)

  "the land they all left, and floated with the waves, that no sight of land they might see."

• attestation: The wind stood at will, the weather most favourable, and they shoved from the strand ships great and long. (Layamon's Brut)

  "The wind stood at will, the weather most favourable, and they shoved from the strand ships great and long;"

• attestation: The water was still, after their will. (Layamon's Brut)

  "The water was still, after their will;"

• attestation: they let together their sails glide, board against board, the men there discoursed and said that they would return eft to this land, and avenge worthily their relatives, and waste Arthur's land, and kill his folk, and win the castles, and work their pleasure. (Layamon's Brut)

  "they let together their sails glide, board against board, the men there discoursed and said that they would return eft to this land, and avenge worthily their relatives, and waste Arthur's land, and kill his folk, and win the castles, and work their pleasure."

• attestation: Childric came from covert to Arthur the king. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Childric came from covert to Arthur the king;"

• attestation: Arthur it weened to be certain thing, that Childric had departed to his own land, and that he never more would come here. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur it weened to be certain thing, that Childric had departed to his own land, and that he never more would come here."

• attestation: That I had not with hunger destroyed him in the wood, or with sword cut him all to pieces! Now he yields to me meed for my good deeds. (Layamon's Brut)

  "that I had not with hunger destroyed him in the wood, or with sword cut him all to pieces!"

• attribution: When the tidings came to Arthur the king, that Childric the kaiser was come to land, and in the South end sorrow there wrought, then said Arthur, noblest of kings: "Alas! (Layamon's Brut)

  "When the tidings came to Arthur the king, that Childric the kaiser was come to land, and in the South end sorrow there wrought, then said Arthur, noblest of kings: "Alas!"

• attestation: Arthur was by the North, and knew nought hereof. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur was by the North, and knew nought hereof;"

• attestation: When he had duly set all, and it all beseemed, then he put on his burny, fashioned of steel, that an elvish smith made, with his excellent craft. (Layamon's Brut)

  "When he had duly set all, and it all beseemed, then he put on his burny, fashioned of steel, that an elvish smith made, with his excellent craft;"

• attestation: The earl himself approached before all his troop, and Arthur himself rode before all his host. (Layamon's Brut)

  "The earl himself approached before all his troop, and Arthur himself rode before all his host."

• attribution: Now help us the Lord, and the heavenly queen, who the Lord bore!" Then called Arthur, noblest of kings: "Now to them! (Layamon's Brut)

  "Now help us the Lord, and the heavenly queen, who the Lord bore!" Then called Arthur, noblest of kings: "Now to them!"

• attestation: Arthur the bold took Ron in hand. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur the bold took Ron in hand;"

• attribution: Arthur saw this, noblest of kings. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur saw this, noblest of kings;"

• attestation: He saw a heathen earl advance against him, with seven hundred knights, all ready to fight. The earl himself approached before all his troop, and Arthur himself rode before all his host. (Layamon's Brut)

  "he saw a heathen earl advance against him, with seven hundred knights, all ready to fight."

• attestation: These are marvellous things come to this land. (Layamon's Brut)

  "These are marvellous things come to this land;"

• attribution: Arthur engaged in combat involving Colgrim (Layamon's Brut)

  "When Arthur saw, noblest of kings, where Colgrim withstood, and eke battle wrought, then called the king, keenly loud: "My bold thanes, advance to the hills!"

• attribution: The man shall die!" The yet called Arthur, noblest of kings: "Yesterday was Baldulf of all knights boldest, but now he standeth on the hill, and beholdeth the Avon, how the steel fishes lie in the stream! Armed with sword, their life is destroyed. (Layamon's Brut)

  "the man shall die!" The yet called Arthur, noblest of kings: "Yesterday was Baldulf of all knights boldest, but now he standeth on the hill, and beholdeth the Avon, how the steel fishes lie in the stream!"

• attestation: There float their fins, as if it were spears. These are marvellous things come to this land. (Layamon's Brut)

  "there float their fins, as if it were spears."

• attestation: Such beasts on the hill, such fishes in the stream! Yesterday was the kaiser keenest of all kings. (Layamon's Brut)

  "such beasts on the hill, such fishes in the stream!"

• attribution: Here shall your yones lie, beside Bath!" Arthur, the king, called Cador, the keen;--of Cornwall he was earl, the knight was most keen:--"Hearken to me, Cador, thou art mine own kin. Now is Childric flown, and awayward gone. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and here shall your yones lie, beside Bath!"

Arthur, the king, called Cador, the keen;--of Cornwall he was earl, the knight was most keen:--"Hearken to me, Cador, thou art mine own kin."

• attestation: Now set I all this kingdom in your own hands; dales and downs, and all my good folk! (Layamon's Brut)

  "now set I all this kingdom in your own hands;"

• attestation: Laughed Arthur, the noble king, and thus gan to speak with gameful words: "Lie thou there, Colgrim; thou wert climbed too high. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then laughed Arthur, the noble king, and thus gan to speak with gameful words: "Lie thou there, Colgrim;"

• attestation: Became Childric careful in heart, and these words said the powerful kaiser: "This is Arthur the king, who will us all kill, flee we now quickly, and into ship go, and voyage forth with the water, reck we never whither! (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then became Childric careful in heart, and these words said the powerful kaiser: "This is Arthur the king,"

• attestation: They saw over the weald the standards wind, approach over the fields five thousand shields. Then became Childric careful in heart, and these words said the powerful kaiser: "This is Arthur the king, who will us all kill, flee we now quickly, and into ship go, and voyage forth with the water, reck we never whither! (Layamon's Brut)

  "they saw over the weald the standards wind, approach over the fields five thousand shields."

• attestation: And Cador came to Scotland, where he Arthur found. (Layamon's Brut)

  "And Cador came to Scotland, where he Arthur found."

• attestation: Arthur was forth marched into Scotland;. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur was forth marched into Scotland;"

• attestation: Arthur engaged in combat involving Howel (Layamon's Brut)

  "The Scots had besieged him with their wicked crafts, and if Arthur were not the earlier come, then were Howel taken, and all his folk there slain, and deprived of life day."

• attestation: Arthur came soon, with good strength, and the Scots gan to flee far from the land, into Moray, with a mickle host. (Layamon's Brut)

  "But Arthur came soon, with good strength, and the Scots gan to flee far from the land, into Moray, with a mickle host."

• attestation: Arthur and Cador proceeded into Clud, and found Howel there, with great bliss in health, of all his sickness whole he was become. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur and Cador proceeded into Clud, and found Howel there, with great bliss in health, of all his sickness whole he was become;"

• attestation: The Scots were in Moray, and there thought to dwell, and with their bold words made their boast, and said that they would rule the realm, and Arthur there abide, with bold strength, for Arthur durst never for his life come there. (Layamon's Brut)

  "The Scots were in Moray, and there thought to dwell, and with their bold words made their boast, and said that they would rule the realm, and Arthur there abide, with bold strength, for Arthur durst never for his life come there."

• attribution: When Arthur heard, void of fear, what the Scots had said with their scornful words, then said Arthur, noblest of kings: "Where art thou, Howel, highest of my kindred, and Cador the keen, out of Cornwall? (Layamon's Brut)

  "When Arthur heard, void of fear, what the Scots had said with their scornful words, then said Arthur, noblest of kings: "Where art thou, Howel, highest of my kindred, and Cador the keen, out of Cornwall?"

• attestation: Sixty islands are in the long water. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Sixty islands are in the long water;"

• attestation: In each of the islands is a rock high and strong; there nest eagles, and other great fowls. (Layamon's Brut)

  "in each of the islands is a rock high and strong;"

• attestation: There nest eagles, and other great fowls. The eagles have a law by every king's day. (Layamon's Brut)

  "there nest eagles, and other great fowls."

• attestation: The eagles have a law by every king's day. (Layamon's Brut)

  "The eagles have a law by every king's day;"

• attestation: The tidings came to the Scots, there where they dwelt, how Arthur the king came toward their land, exceeding quickly, with innumerable folk. (Layamon's Brut)

  "The tidings came to the Scots, there where they dwelt, how Arthur the king came toward their land, exceeding quickly, with innumerable folk."

• attestation: Were they fearfullest, who ere were boldest, and gan to flee exceeding quickly into the water, where wonders are enow! That is a marvellous lake, set in middle-earth, with fen, and with reed, and with water exceeding broad. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then were they fearfullest, who ere were boldest, and gan to flee exceeding quickly into the water, where wonders are enow!"

• attestation: That is a marvellous lake, set in middle-earth, with fen, and with reed, and with water exceeding broad. (Layamon's Brut)

  "That is a marvellous lake, set in middle-earth, with fen, and with reed, and with water exceeding broad;"

• attestation: With fish, and with fowl, with evil things! The water is immeasurably broad. (Layamon's Brut)

  "with fish, and with fowl, with evil things!"

• attestation: The water is immeasurably broad. (Layamon's Brut)

  "The water is immeasurably broad;"

• attestation: There is play of elves in the hideous pool. Sixty islands are in the long water. (Layamon's Brut)

  "there is play of elves in the hideous pool."

• attestation: They carried in their arms their miserable children; they wept before Arthur wondrously much, and their fair hair threw to the earth. (Layamon's Brut)

  "they carried in their arms their miserable children;"

• attestation: Cut off their locks, and there down laid at the king's feet, before all his people; set their nails to their face, so that afterwards it bled. (Layamon's Brut)

  "cut off their locks, and there down laid at the king's feet, before all his people;"

• attestation: Set their nails to their face, so that afterwards it bled. They were naked nigh (nearly) all clean. (Layamon's Brut)

  "set their nails to their face, so that afterwards it bled."

• attestation: They were naked nigh (nearly) all clean. (Layamon's Brut)

  "They were naked nigh (nearly) all clean;"

• attestation: On the third day, it gan to dawn fair. (Layamon's Brut)

  "On the third day, it gan to dawn fair;"

• attestation: Came toward the host all that were hooded, and three wise bishops, in book well learned; priests and monks, many without number. (Layamon's Brut)

  "then came toward the host all that were hooded, and three wise bishops, in book well learned;"

• attestation: Priests and monks, many without number; canons there came, many and good, with all the reliques that were noblest in the land, and yearned Arthur's peace, and his compassion. (Layamon's Brut)

  "priests and monks, many without number;"

• attribution: Canons there came, many and good, with all the reliques that were noblest in the land, and yearned Arthur's peace, and his compassion. Thither came the women, that dwelt in the land. (Layamon's Brut)

  "canons there came, many and good, with all the reliques that were noblest in the land, and yearned Arthur's peace, and his compassion."

• attestation: Thither came the women, that dwelt in the land; they carried in their arms their miserable children. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Thither came the women, that dwelt in the land;"

• attestation: They wept before Arthur wondrously much, and their fair hair threw to the earth; cut off their locks, and there down laid at the king's feet, before all his people. (Layamon's Brut)

  "they wept before Arthur wondrously much, and their fair hair threw to the earth;"

• attestation: By this lake's end, where this water floweth, is a certain little lake, to the wonder of men! (Layamon's Brut)

  "By this lake's end, where this water floweth, is a certain little lake, to the wonder of men!"

• attestation: It is in measure in breadth five-and-twenty feet; five feet it is deep, elves it dug! (Layamon's Brut)

  "it is in measure in breadth five-and-twenty feet;"

• attestation: Five feet it is deep, elves it dug! Four-cornered it is, and therein is fish of four kinds, and each fish in his end where he findeth his kind, may there none go to other, except all as belongeth to his kind. (Layamon's Brut)

  "five feet it is deep, elves it dug!"

• attestation: Four-cornered it is, and therein is fish of four kinds, and each fish in his end where he findeth his kind, may there none go to other, except all as belongeth to his kind. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Four-cornered it is, and therein is fish of four kinds, and each fish in his end where he findeth his kind, may there none go to other, except all as belongeth to his kind."

• attestation: Then said Arthur: "Where art thou, Howel, my relation, dearest of men to me? (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then said Arthur: "Where art thou, Howel, my relation, dearest of men to me?"

• attestation: Seest thou this great lake, where the Scots are harmed, seest thou these high trees, and seest thou these eagles fly? (Layamon's Brut)

  "Seest thou this great lake, where the Scots are harmed, seest thou these high trees, and seest thou these eagles fly?"

• attestation: In this fen is fish innumerable. Seest thou these islands, that stand over this water? (Layamon's Brut)

  "In this fen is fish innumerable."

• attribution: Spake Arthur, noblest of kings: "Howel, mine own relative, dearest to me of men, listen to my words, of a much greater wonder that I will tell to thee in my sooth speech. By this lake's end, where this water floweth, is a certain little lake, to the wonder of men! (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then spake Arthur, noblest of kings: "Howel, mine own relative, dearest to me of men, listen to my words, of a much greater wonder that I will tell to thee in my sooth speech."

• attestation: It is in length four-and-sixty palms. (Layamon's Brut)

  "It is in length four-and-sixty palms;"

• attestation: He bade all his knights to deem right (just) dooms, and the earth-tillers to take to their craft, and every man to greet other. And what man soever did worse than the king had ordered, he would drive him to a bare burning, and if it were a base man, he should for that hang. (Layamon's Brut)

  "And he bade all his knights to deem right (just) dooms, and the earth-tillers to take to their craft, and every man to greet other."

• attribution: The yet spake Arthur, noblest of kings, ordered that each man who had lost his land by whatsoever kind of punishment he were bereaved. (Layamon's Brut)

  "The yet spake Arthur, noblest of kings, ordered that each man who had lost his land by whatsoever kind of punishment he were bereaved,"

• attribution: We shall love thee, and hold thee for lord, in each land-wise." Arthur heard this, noblest of kings, how these three knights fair besought him; he had compassion in heart, and began speak, and said these words--best of all kings:--"Urien, become my man. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and we shall love thee, and hold thee for lord, in each land-wise." Arthur heard this, noblest of kings, how these three knights fair besought him;"

• attribution: These three chieftains came to the king, and set on their knees before the caiser:--"Hail be thou, Arthur, noblest of kings, and thy people with thee. (Layamon's Brut)

  "These three chieftains came to the king, and set on their knees before the caiser:--"Hail be thou, Arthur, noblest of kings, and thy people with thee;"

• attestation: Arthur proceeded to York, with folk very surprising (numerous), and dwelt there six weeks with much joy. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur proceeded to York, with folk very surprising (numerous), and dwelt there six weeks with much joy."

• attestation: He had compassion in heart, and began speak, and said these words--best of all kings:--"Urien, become my man; thou shalt to Moray again. (Layamon's Brut)

  "he had compassion in heart, and began speak, and said these words--best of all kings:--"Urien, become my man;"

• attribution: Bade him Arthur, noblest of kings, that he should arear churches, and restore the hymns, and take charge of God's folk, and rule them fair. And he bade all his knights to deem right (just) dooms, and the earth-tillers to take to their craft, and every man to greet other. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then bade him Arthur, noblest of kings, that he should arear churches, and restore the hymns, and take charge of God's folk, and rule them fair."

• attestation: What man soever did worse than the king had ordered, he would drive him to a bare burning, and if it were a base man, he should for that hang. The yet spake Arthur, noblest of kings, ordered that each man who had lost his land by whatsoever kind of punishment he were bereaved, that he should come again, full quickly and full soon--the rich and the low--and should have eft his own, unless he were so foully conditioned, that he were traitor to his lord, or toward his lord forsworn, whom the king should deem lost (beyond the limit of pardon). (Layamon's Brut)

  "And what man soever did worse than the king had ordered, he would drive him to a bare burning, and if it were a base man, he should for that hang."

• attestation: She was of noble race, of Romanish men. (Layamon's Brut)

  "She was of noble race, of Romanish men;"

• attestation: This maiden he gan wed, and took her to his bed. Arthur was in Cornwall all the winter there. (Layamon's Brut)

  "this maiden he gan wed, and took her to his bed."

• attestation: Was in no land any maid so fair, of speech and of deeds, and of manners most good; she was named Wenhaver, fairest of women. (Layamon's Brut)

  "was in no land any maid so fair, of speech and of deeds, and of manners most good;"

• relationship: Arthur took her to wife, and loved her wondrously much;. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur took her to wife, and loved her wondrously much;"

• attestation: Arthur was in Cornwall all the winter there. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur was in Cornwall all the winter there;"

• attestation: Each year of my land seven thousand pounds, and send them to thy land, and sixty marks of gold. And yet I will more, if thou wilt give me grace. (Layamon's Brut)

  "each year of my land seven thousand pounds, and send them to thy land, and sixty marks of gold."

• attribution: Now did Arthur, noblest of kings, very great friendship before all his folk, he caused the king to be clothed with each pride (richly), and eke by Arthur he sate, and eke with himself ate. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Now did Arthur, noblest of kings, very great friendship before all his folk, he caused the king to be clothed with each pride (richly), and eke by Arthur he sate, and eke with himself ate;"

• attestation: With Arthur he drank wine—that to mm was mickle unthank. Nevertheless when he saw that Arthur was most glad, then said Gillomar to him—in his heart he was sore: "Lord Arthur, thy peace! (Layamon's Brut)

  "with Arthur he drank wine—that to mm was mickle unthank."

• attestation: Nevertheless when he saw that Arthur was most glad, then said Gillomar to him—in his heart he was sore: "Lord Arthur, thy peace! (Layamon's Brut)

  "Nevertheless when he saw that Arthur was most glad, then said Gillomar to him—in his heart he was sore: "Lord Arthur, thy peace!"

• attestation: Give me limb and give me life, and I will become thy man, and deliver thee my three sons, my dear sons, to do all thy will. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Give me limb and give me life, and I will become thy man, and deliver thee my three sons, my dear sons, to do all thy will."

• attestation: Arthur the noble sought lodging. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur the noble sought lodging;"

• attestation: Yet I will do more, if thou wilt give me grace; I will deliver thee hostages exceeding rich, children some sixty, noble and most mighty. (Layamon's Brut)

  "And yet I will do more, if thou wilt give me grace;"

• attestation: I will deliver thee hostages exceeding rich, children some sixty, noble and most mighty. (Layamon's Brut)

  "I will deliver thee hostages exceeding rich, children some sixty, noble and most mighty."

• attestation: Yet I will more, if thou givest me grace; each year of my land seven thousand pounds, and send them to thy land, and sixty marks of gold. (Layamon's Brut)

  "And yet I will more, if thou givest me grace;"

• attestation: Spake Arthur to his good knights: "Go we to Iceland, and take we it in our hand." The host there marched, and to Iceland came. The king was named Ælcus, high man of the land, he heard the tiding of Arthur the king. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then spake Arthur to his good knights: "Go we to Iceland, and take we it in our hand." The host there marched, and to Iceland came."

• attribution: The king was named Ælcus, high man of the land, he heard the tiding of Arthur the king. (Layamon's Brut)

  "The king was named Ælcus, high man of the land, he heard the tiding of Arthur the king;"

• attestation: He did all as a wiseman, and marched against him anon; anon forth-right, with sixteen knights. (Layamon's Brut)

  "he did all as a wiseman, and marched against him anon;"

• attestation: Anon forth-right, with sixteen knights; he bare in his hand a mickle wand (sceptre) of gold. (Layamon's Brut)

  "anon forth-right, with sixteen knights;"

• attestation: He bare in his hand a mickle wand (sceptre) of gold. So soon as he saw Arthur, he bent him on his knees, and quoth these words to him—-the king was afraid: —-"Welcome, sir Arthur! (Layamon's Brut)

  "he bare in his hand a mickle wand (sceptre) of gold."

• attribution: Heard say sooth words the King of Orkney, exceeding keen, who was named Gonwais, a heathen warrior, that Arthur the king would come to his land; with a mickle fleet sail to his country. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then heard say sooth words the King of Orkney, exceeding keen, who was named Gonwais, a heathen warrior, that Arthur the king would come to his land;"

• attribution: Arthur heard this noblest of kings. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur heard this noblest of kings."

• attestation: Gonwais proceeded towards him, with his wise thanes, and set to Arthur in hand all Orkney's land, and two-and-thirty islands, that thither in heth, and his homage, with much reverence. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Gonwais proceeded towards him, with his wise thanes, and set to Arthur in hand all Orkney's land, and two-and-thirty islands, that thither in heth, and his homage, with much reverence."

• attestation: Arthur was winsome where he had his will, and he was exceeding stern with his enemies. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur was winsome where he had his will, and he was exceeding stern with his enemies."

• attestation: Arthur heard the mild words of the monarch. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur heard the mild words of the monarch;"

• attestation: He granted him all that he yearned; hostages and oaths, and all his proffers. (Layamon's Brut)

  "he granted him all that he yearned;"

• attribution: He took his eldest son, and twelve good earls, and proceeded to Arthur the noble king, and sate at his feet, and gan him fair greet: "Hail be thou, Arthur, noblest of Britons' I hight Rumareth, the King of Winetland, enow I have heard declared of thy valour; that thou art wide known, keenest of all kings. (Layamon's Brut)

  "he took his eldest son, and twelve good earls, and proceeded to Arthur the noble king, and sate at his feet, and gan him fair greet: "Hail be thou, Arthur, noblest of Britons' I hight Rumareth, the King of Winetland, enow I have heard declared of thy valour;"

• attribution: Greatly he was afraid, all as the others were ere; loath to him were the tidings from Arthur the king. (Layamon's Brut)

  "greatly he was afraid, all as the others were ere;"

• attestation: Rumareth heard this, the rich King of Winet. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Rumareth heard this, the rich King of Winet;"

• attestation: Nevertheless the King Rumareth hearkened counsels. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Nevertheless the King Rumareth hearkened counsels;"

• attestation: Loath to him were the tidings from Arthur the king. Nevertheless the King Rumareth hearkened counsels. (Layamon's Brut)

  "loath to him were the tidings from Arthur the king."

• attestation: Arthur took his messengers, and sent to Winetland, to Rumareth the king, and bade him know in haste, that he had in his hand Britain and Scotland, Gutland and Ireland, Orcany and Iceland. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur took his messengers, and sent to Winetland, to Rumareth the king, and bade him know in haste, that he had in his hand Britain and Scotland, Gutland and Ireland, Orcany and Iceland."

• attestation: He ordered Rumareth to come, and bring him his eldest son. (Layamon's Brut)

  "He ordered Rumareth to come, and bring him his eldest son;"

• attestation: For the one accounted himself high, the other much higher. Then blew men the trumpets, and spread the tables. (Layamon's Brut)

  "for the one accounted himself high, the other much higher."

• attestation: I may say how it happened, wondrous though it seem. (Layamon's Brut)

  "I may say how it happened, wondrous though it seem."

• attestation: It was on a yule-day, that Arthur lay in London. (Layamon's Brut)

  "It was on a yule-day, that Arthur lay in London;"

• attestation: Were come to him men of all his kingdoms, of Britain, of Scotland, of Ireland, of Iceland, and of all the lands that Arthur had in hand; and all the highest thanes, with horses and with swains. (Layamon's Brut)

  "then were come to him men of all his kingdoms, of Britain, of Scotland, of Ireland, of Iceland, and of all the lands that Arthur had in hand;"

• attestation: All the highest thanes, with horses and with swains. There were come seven kings' sons, with seven hundred knights. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and all the highest thanes, with horses and with swains."

• attestation: Without the folk that obeyed Arthur. Each had in heart proud thoughts, and esteemed that he were better than his companion. (Layamon's Brut)

  "without the folk that obeyed Arthur."

• attestation: Each had in heart proud thoughts, and esteemed that he were better than his companion. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Each had in heart proud thoughts, and esteemed that he were better than his companion."

• attestation: Bring ye the reliques, and I will swear thereon. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Bring ye the reliques, and I will swear thereon;"

• attestation: With him an hundred nobles, with helms and with burnies; each bare in his right hand a white steel brand. (Layamon's Brut)

  "with him an hundred nobles, with helms and with burnies;"

• attestation: Each bare in his right hand a white steel brand. Then called Arthur, noblest of kings: "Sit ye, sit ye quickly, each man on his life! (Layamon's Brut)

  "each bare in his right hand a white steel brand."

• attribution: Called Arthur, noblest of kings: "Sit ye, sit ye quickly, each man on his life! And whoso will not that do, he shall be put to death. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then called Arthur, noblest of kings: "Sit ye, sit ye quickly, each man on his life!"

• attestation: Whoso will not that do, he shall be put to death. Take ye me the same man, that this fight first began, and put withy on his neck, and draw him to a moor, and put him in a low fen, there he shall lie. (Layamon's Brut)

  "And whoso will not that do, he shall be put to death."

• attestation: Take ye me the same man, that this fight first began, and put withy on his neck, and draw him to a moor, and put him in a low fen, there he shall lie. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Take ye me the same man, that this fight first began, and put withy on his neck, and draw him to a moor, and put him in a low fen, there he shall lie."

• attestation: Approached the king out of his chamber; with him an hundred nobles, with helms and with burnies. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then approached the king out of his chamber;"

• attestation: Take ye all his dearest kin, that ye may find, and strike off the heads of them with your broad swords, the women that ye may find of his nearest kindred, carve ye off their noses, and let their beauty go to destruction; and so I will all destroy the race that he of came. (Layamon's Brut)

  "And take ye all his dearest kin, that ye may find, and strike off the heads of them with your broad swords, the women that ye may find of his nearest kindred, carve ye off their noses, and let their beauty go to destruction;"

• attestation: So I will all destroy the race that he of came. And if I evermore subsequently hear, that any of my folk, of high or of low, eft arear strife on account of this same slaughter, there shall ransom him neither gold nor any treasure, fine horse nor war-garment, that he should not be dead, or with horses drawn in pieces—-that is of each traitor the law! (Layamon's Brut)

  "and so I will all destroy the race that he of came."

• attestation: If I evermore subsequently hear, that any of my folk, of high or of low, eft arear strife on account of this same slaughter, there shall ransom him neither gold nor any treasure, fine horse nor war-garment, that he should not be dead, or with horses drawn in pieces—-that is of each traitor the law! (Layamon's Brut)

  "And if I evermore subsequently hear, that any of my folk, of high or of low, eft arear strife on account of this same slaughter,"

• attestation: Eft if among folk enmity areareth, in ever any time between two men, men can say leasing of the hateful one, though he were the best man that ever ate at board, the man that to him were loath, he can him last find! (Layamon's Brut)

  "Eft if among folk enmity areareth, in ever any time between two men, men can say leasing of the hateful one, though he were the best man that ever ate at board, the man that to him were loath, he can him last find!"

• attestation: This is the sooth respecting Arthur the king. Was never ere such king, so doughty through all things! (Layamon's Brut)

  "but this is the sooth respecting Arthur the king."

• attribution: At a high day the folk was assembled, and Arthur himself approached soon to the board, and ordered all his knights to the board forth-right. (Layamon's Brut)

  "At a high day the folk was assembled, and Arthur himself approached soon to the board, and ordered all his knights to the board forth-right."

• relationship: When all were seated, knights to their meat, then spake each with other, as if it were his brother. (Layamon's Brut)

  "When all were seated, knights to their meat, then spake each with other, as if it were his brother;"

• attestation: Every sort of knight was there exceeding well disposed, all they were one by one (seated), the high and the low, might none there boast of other kind of drink other than his comrades, that were at the board. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Every sort of knight was there exceeding well disposed, all they were one by one (seated), the high and the low, might none there boast of other kind of drink other than his comrades, that were at the board."

• attestation: This was the same board that Britons boast of, and say many sorts of leasing, respecting Arthur the king. (Layamon's Brut)

  "This was the same board that Britons boast of, and say many sorts of leasing, respecting Arthur the king."

• attestation: No man is he so wicked, that his friend will not act well to him. Eft if among folk enmity areareth, in ever any time between two men, men can say leasing of the hateful one, though he were the best man that ever ate at board, the man that to him were loath, he can him last find! (Layamon's Brut)

  "no man is he so wicked, that his friend will not act well to him."

• attestation: It is not all sooth nor all falsehood that minstrels sing. (Layamon's Brut)

  "It is not all sooth nor all falsehood that minstrels sing;"

• attestation: Knights he had proud, and great in their mood, and they spake to the king of marvellous thing, and thus the assemblage said to the high king: "Lord Arthur, go we to the realm of France, and win all the land to thine own hand, drive away all the French, and their king slay. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Knights he had proud, and great in their mood, and they spake to the king of marvellous thing, and thus the assemblage said to the high king: "Lord Arthur, go we to the realm of France, and win all the land to thine own hand, drive away all the French, and their king slay;"

• attestation: So soon as they came, they took haven, with mickle strength they stept (disembarked) on the realm Arthur sent his messengers wide over the land, and ordered them to come soon, and have Loth for king, and if they would not that, he would slay them all. (Layamon's Brut)

  "So soon as they came, they took haven, with mickle strength they stept (disembarked) on the realm Arthur sent his messengers wide over the land, and ordered them to come soon, and have Loth for king, and if they would not that, he would slay them all."

• attestation: Of this king's end will no Briton believe it, except it be the last death, at the great doom, when our Lord judgeth all folk. Else we cannot deem of Arthur's death, for he himself said to his good Britons, south in Cornwall, where Walwain was slain, and himself was wounded wondrously much, that he would fare into Avalon, into the island, to Argante the fair, for she would with balm heal his wounds,--and when he were all whole, he would soon come to them. (Layamon's Brut)

  "And of this king's end will no Briton believe it, except it be the last death, at the great doom, when our Lord judgeth all folk."

• attestation: Else we cannot deem of Arthur's death, for he himself said to his good Britons, south in Cornwall,. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Else we cannot deem of Arthur's death, for he himself said to his good Britons, south in Cornwall,"

• attestation: Arthur was in the world wise king and powerful, good man and peaceful, his men him loved. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur was in the world wise king and powerful, good man and peaceful, his men him loved."

• attestation: all the castles occupy, and set (garrison) them with Britons, and rule in the realm with fierce strength" Then answered Arthur,. (Layamon's Brut)

  "all the castles occupy, and set (garrison) them with Britons, and rule in the realm with fierce strength" Then answered Arthur,"

• attestation: Arthur on his part, over the land gan march; the land he through passed, and the burghs he consumed, goods he took enow, and much folk he there slew. (Layamon's Brut)

  "And Arthur on his part, over the land gan march;"

• attestation: We shall take Riculf, who is an earl exceeding powerful, and raise him to be king--this is to us pleasing—-and assemble our forces over all this country. (Layamon's Brut)

  "But we shall take Riculf, who is an earl exceeding powerful, and raise him to be king--this is to us pleasing—-and assemble our forces over all this country,"

• attestation: Riculf gan him ride against Arthur anon; together they came, and fight they began. (Layamon's Brut)

  "And Riculf gan him ride against Arthur anon;"

• attestation: Silver and red gold, with prudent words. And yet he did more, Æscil the great. (Layamon's Brut)

  "silver and red gold, with prudent words."

• attestation: Yet he did more, Æscil the great; he sent to the highest of Arthur's folk, and prayed them to intercede for him with the noble king. (Layamon's Brut)

  "And yet he did more, Æscil the great;"

• attestation: Was in Denmark a king of much might; he was named Æscil, the highest over the Danes. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then was in Denmark a king of much might;"

• attribution: He was named Æscil, the highest over the Danes; he saw that Arthur won all that was to him in will. (Layamon's Brut)

  "he was named Æscil, the highest over the Danes;"

• attestation: He saw that Arthur won all that was to him in will. Æscil the king bethought him what he might do. (Layamon's Brut)

  "he saw that Arthur won all that was to him in will."

• attestation: Æscil the king bethought him what he might do. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Æscil the king bethought him what he might do;"

• attestation: Loath it was to him to lose his dear people. He saw that with strength he might not stand against Arthur, with ever any combat. (Layamon's Brut)

  "loath it was to him to lose his dear people."

• attestation: He saw that with strength he might not stand against Arthur, with ever any combat. (Layamon's Brut)

  "He saw that with strength he might not stand against Arthur, with ever any combat."

• attestation: He sent greeting to Arthur the king. (Layamon's Brut)

  "He sent greeting to Arthur the king;"

• attestation: Hounds and hawks, and horses exceeding good; silver and red gold, with prudent words. (Layamon's Brut)

  "hounds and hawks, and horses exceeding good;"

• attestation: Frolle heard that, where he was in France, of Arthur's speed (success), and of all his deeds. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Frolle heard that, where he was in France, of Arthur's speed (success), and of all his deeds;"

• attestation: Now heard Frolle, who was chief of France, of the great sorrow that Arthur did in the land. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Now heard Frolle, who was chief of France, of the great sorrow that Arthur did in the land."

• attestation: He sent messengers soon the nearest way toward Rome, and bade the Romanish folk advise them between, how many thousand knights they thither would send, that he might the easier fight with Arthur, and drive from the land Arthur the strong. (Layamon's Brut)

  "He sent messengers soon the nearest way toward Rome, and bade the Romanish folk advise them between, how many thousand knights they thither would send, that he might the easier fight with Arthur, and drive from the land Arthur the strong."

• attestation: With just purchase, in the king's host. Frolle heard that, where he was in France, of Arthur's speed (success), and of all his deeds. (Layamon's Brut)

  "with just purchase, in the king's host."

• attribution: At the same time that this was transacted, the land of the French was named Gaul. (Layamon's Brut)

  "At the same time that this was transacted, the land of the French was named Gaul;"

• attribution: Arthur heard that, noblest of kings, that Frolle dwelt in Paris, with an immense force, and said that he would Arthur withstand. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur heard that, noblest of kings, that Frolle dwelt in Paris, with an immense force, and said that he would Arthur withstand."

• attestation: On four sides he belay it (the city), four weeks and a day. The people that were there within were sore afraid, the burgh was within filled with men. (Layamon's Brut)

  "on four sides he belay it (the city), four weeks and a day."

• attestation: The people that were there within were sore afraid, the burgh was within filled with men. (Layamon's Brut)

  "The people that were there within were sore afraid, the burgh was within filled with men;"

• attestation: The walls they gan repair, the gates they gan to form; meat they took, all that they came nigh. (Layamon's Brut)

  "the walls they gan repair, the gates they gan to form;"

• attestation: Meat they took, all that they came nigh; on each side they carried it to the burgh. (Layamon's Brut)

  "meat they took, all that they came nigh;"

• attestation: On each side they carried it to the burgh; thither came they all, that held with Frolle. (Layamon's Brut)

  "on each side they carried it to the burgh;"

• attestation: To Paris marched Arthur, of fear void, and belay the walls, and areared his tents;. (Layamon's Brut)

  "To Paris marched Arthur, of fear void, and belay the walls, and areared his tents;"

• attribution: Arthur heard that, noblest of kings. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur heard that, noblest of kings;"

• attestation: These words said Arthur the good: "Well saith Frolle, who is King of France; better it is that we two contest this realm, than there should be slain our brave thanes. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and these words said Arthur the good: "Well saith Frolle, who is King of France;"

• attestation: May men sing of one such king, that his brag (or threat) hath made, and his knighthood forsaken!" Frolle heard that, who was King of France, that Arthur would fight himself, without any knight. Strong man was Frolle, and stark man in mood. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then may men sing of one such king, that his brag (or threat) hath made, and his knighthood forsaken!"

Frolle heard that, who was King of France, that Arthur would fight himself, without any knight."

• attestation: His boast he had made, before all his people, and he might not for much shame disgrace himself; quit his bold bragging that he had said in the burgh. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and his boast he had made, before all his people, and he might not for much shame disgrace himself;"

• attestation: Whether (which) of us that goeth aback, and this fight will forsake, be he in each land proclaimed for a recreant! Then may men sing of one such king, that his brag (or threat) hath made, and his knighthood forsaken! (Layamon's Brut)

  "And whether (which) of us that goeth aback, and this fight will forsake, be he in each land proclaimed for a recreant!"

• attestation: He threw on his back a garment most precious, a cheisil shirt, and a cloth kirtle; a burny exceeding precious, embroidered of steel. (Layamon's Brut)

  "he threw on his back a garment most precious, a cheisil shirt, and a cloth kirtle;"

• attribution: There was all the long night songs and candle-light; loudly sung clerks holy psalms of God. (Layamon's Brut)

  "There was all the long night songs and candle-light;"

• attestation: Loudly sung clerks holy psalms of God. When it was day on the morrow, people gan to stir. (Layamon's Brut)

  "loudly sung clerks holy psalms of God."

• attestation: When it was day on the morrow, people gan to stir. (Layamon's Brut)

  "When it was day on the morrow, people gan to stir."

• attestation: His weapons he took in hand, Arthur the strong. (Layamon's Brut)

  "His weapons he took in hand, Arthur the strong;"

• attestation: A burny exceeding precious, embroidered of steel. He set on his head a good helm. (Layamon's Brut)

  "a burny exceeding precious, embroidered of steel."

• attestation: He set on his head a good helm. (Layamon's Brut)

  "He set on his head a good helm;"

• attestation: Arthur's men prayed with much humility to God the good, and the holy his mother, that their lord might have there victory;. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur's men prayed with much humility to God the good, and the holy his mother, that their lord might have there victory;"

• attestation: Men might behold, that were there beside, the folk on the land, exceedingly afraid; they climbed upon halls, they climbed upon walls. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then men might behold, that were there beside, the folk on the land, exceedingly afraid;"

• attestation: They climbed upon halls, they climbed upon walls; they climbed upon bowers, they climbed upon towers, to behold the combat of the two kings. (Layamon's Brut)

  "they climbed upon halls, they climbed upon walls;"

• attestation: They climbed upon bowers, they climbed upon towers, to behold the combat of the two kings. Arthur's men prayed with much humility to God the good, and the holy his mother, that their lord might have there victory. (Layamon's Brut)

  "they climbed upon bowers, they climbed upon towers, to behold the combat of the two kings."

• attestation: Arthur stept in steel saddlebow, and leapt on his steed. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur stept in steel saddlebow, and leapt on his steed;"

• attestation: The others eke prayed for their king. Arthur stept in steel saddlebow, and leapt on his steed. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and the others eke prayed for their king."

• attribution: Arthur the powerful went to land, and thus gan to call, noblest of kings: "Where art thou, Walwain, dearest of men to me? (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur the powerful went to land, and thus gan to call, noblest of kings: "Where art thou, Walwain, dearest of men to me?"

• attestation: Each man enjoy his home, as God granteth it him; order each man to hold peace, upon pain of limb and upon life. (Layamon's Brut)

  "each man enjoy his home, as God granteth it him;"

• attestation: Hereafter full soon shall his kindred of Rome hear tidings of Arthur the king, for I will speak with them. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Hereafter full soon shall his kindred of Rome hear tidings of Arthur the king, for I will speak with them,"

• attribution: When Arthur had France established with good peace, settled and composed, so that prosperity was among the folk, then ordered he the old knights, that he had long retained, that they should come to the king, and receive their reward. (Layamon's Brut)

  "When Arthur had France established with good peace, settled and composed, so that prosperity was among the folk, then ordered he the old knights, that he had long retained, that they should come to the king, and receive their reward;"

• attestation: For they many years had been his companions. To some he gave land, some silver and gold. (Layamon's Brut)

  "for they many years had been his companions."

• attestation: To some he gave land, some silver and gold; to some he gave castles, some he gave clothes. (Layamon's Brut)

  "To some he gave land, some silver and gold;"

• attestation: To some he gave castles, some he gave clothes; bade them go in joy, and amend their sins. (Layamon's Brut)

  "to some he gave castles, some he gave clothes;"

• attestation: Bade them go in joy, and amend their sins; forbade them to bear weapon, because age upon them went, and bade them love God greatly in this life, that he at the end, full surely, might give them his paradise, that they might enjoy bliss with the angels. (Layamon's Brut)

  "bade them go in joy, and amend their sins;"

• attestation: Forbade them to bear weapon, because age upon them went, and bade them love God greatly in this life, that he at the end, full surely, might give them his paradise, that they might enjoy bliss with the angels. All the old knights proceeded to their land, and the young remained with their dear king. (Layamon's Brut)

  "forbade them to bear weapon, because age upon them went, and bade them love God greatly in this life, that he at the end, full surely, might give them his paradise, that they might enjoy bliss with the angels."

• attestation: All the old knights proceeded to their land, and the young remained with their dear king. (Layamon's Brut)

  "All the old knights proceeded to their land, and the young remained with their dear king."

• attestation: All the nine years Arthur dwelt there. (Layamon's Brut)

  "All the nine years Arthur dwelt there;"

• attestation: The while that the kingdom stood in Arthur's hand, marvellous things came to the folk. (Layamon's Brut)

  "But the while that the kingdom stood in Arthur's hand, marvellous things came to the folk;"

• attestation: In many hundred places folk stood by the way, asking of things of many kind; and the knights told them of their conquests, and made their boast of mickle booty. (Layamon's Brut)

  "In many hundred places folk stood by the way, asking of things of many kind;"

• attestation: When Easter was gone, and April went from town, and the grass was rife, and the water was calm, and men gan to say that May was in town, Arthur took his fair folk, and proceeded to the sea, and caused his ships to be assembled, well with the best. (Layamon's Brut)

  "When Easter was gone, and April went from town, and the grass was rife, and the water was calm, and men gan to say that May was in town, Arthur took his fair folk, and proceeded to the sea, and caused his ships to be assembled, well with the best;"

• relationship: Soon they gan to sing of Arthur the king, and of the great worship that he had won There kissed father the son, and said to him welcome; daughter the mother, brother the other. (Layamon's Brut)

  "soon they gan to sing of Arthur the king, and of the great worship that he had won There kissed father the son, and said to him welcome;"

• relationship: Daughter the mother, brother the other; sister kissed sister. (Layamon's Brut)

  "daughter the mother, brother the other;"

• attestation: The softer it was to them in heart. In many hundred places folk stood by the way, asking of things of many kind. (Layamon's Brut)

  "the softer it was to them in heart."

• attestation: Bade come bishops, bade come knights; bade all the free men that ever were in the land. (Layamon's Brut)

  "bade come bishops, bade come knights;"

• attestation: The king took his messengers, and sent over his land. (Layamon's Brut)

  "The king took his messengers, and sent over his land;"

• attestation: Bade come kings, and eke chieftains; bade come bishops, bade come knights. (Layamon's Brut)

  "bade come kings, and eke chieftains;"

• attestation: Bade all the free men that ever were in the land; by their life he bade them be at Kaerleon on Whitsunday. (Layamon's Brut)

  "bade all the free men that ever were in the land;"

• attestation: Knights gan ride, women forth glide. In certainty it is said, and sooth it is found, that no man ever ere saw here with earthly men half so great pomp, in ever any assembly, as was with Arthur, of noble race. (Layamon's Brut)

  "knights gan ride, women forth glide."

• attribution: When all this folk was assembled by the good king, when the Whitsunday came, as the Lord it sent, then came all the bishops before their king, and the archbishops three, before Arthur. (Layamon's Brut)

  "When all this folk was assembled by the good king, when the Whitsunday came, as the Lord it sent, then came all the bishops before their king, and the archbishops three, before Arthur;"

• attestation: Took the crown, that was to him by right, and set upon his head with great bliss; so they gan him lead, all with God's counsel. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and took the crown, that was to him by right, and set upon his head with great bliss;"

• attestation: So they gan him lead, all with God's counsel. Saint Dubrich went before-- he was to Christ chosen. (Layamon's Brut)

  "so they gan him lead, all with God's counsel."

• attribution: Thus hight the one, who was a most doughty man, that was Cador the king, Arthur's darling; the second of Scotland, he bare sword in hand. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Thus hight the one, who was a most doughty man, that was Cador the king, Arthur's darling;"

• attestation: In certainty it is said, and sooth it is found, that no man ever ere saw here with earthly men half so great pomp, in ever any assembly, as was with Arthur, of noble race. (Layamon's Brut)

  "In certainty it is said, and sooth it is found, that no man ever ere saw here with earthly men half so great pomp, in ever any assembly, as was with Arthur, of noble race."

• attestation: Of horses, and of hawks, of hounds for deer, and of rich weeds, that were among the people. And of all the folk that dwelt there in land, the folk of this land was accounted the fairest of people, and also the women, comely in hue, and most nobly clothed, and best of all educated. (Layamon's Brut)

  "of horses, and of hawks, of hounds for deer, and of rich weeds, that were among the people."

• attribution: When the king was set with all his people to his meat, earls and barons, at the king's board, then came stepping the steward, who was named Kay, highest knight in land under the king, of all the assemblage of Arthur's folk. (Layamon's Brut)

  "When the king was set with all his people to his meat, earls and barons, at the king's board, then came stepping the steward, who was named Kay, highest knight in land under the king, of all the assemblage of Arthur's folk."

• attestation: There were a thousand bold knights wondrous well told, that served the king and his chiefs; each knight had a cloth on, and adorned with gold, and all their fingers covered with gold rings. (Layamon's Brut)

  "there were a thousand bold knights wondrous well told, that served the king and his chiefs;"

• attestation: Each knight had a cloth on, and adorned with gold, and all their fingers covered with gold rings. These bare the things sent from the kitchen to the king. (Layamon's Brut)

  "each knight had a cloth on, and adorned with gold, and all their fingers covered with gold rings."

• attestation: The queen at her end, women most fair attended; a thousand walked before her, rich and well choice, to serve the queen, and them that were with her. (Layamon's Brut)

  "And the queen at her end, women most fair attended;"

• attestation: A thousand walked before her, rich and well choice, to serve the queen, and them that were with her. (Layamon's Brut)

  "a thousand walked before her, rich and well choice, to serve the queen, and them that were with her."

• attestation: Was he never born, of any man chosen, clerk nor layman, in ever any land, that could tell it in speech of any kind, of half the wealth that was in Kaerleon, of silver and of gold, and good weeds. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Was he never born, of any man chosen, clerk nor layman, in ever any land, that could tell it in speech of any kind, of half the wealth that was in Kaerleon, of silver and of gold, and good weeds;"

• attestation: Of high born men that dwelt among the folk; of horses, and of hawks, of hounds for deer, and of rich weeds, that were among the people. (Layamon's Brut)

  "of high born men that dwelt among the folk;"

• attribution: Of all the folk that dwelt there in land, the folk of this land was accounted the fairest of people, and also the women, comely in hue, and most nobly clothed, and best of all educated. For they all had in declaration, by their quick lives, that they would have their clothes of one hue. (Layamon's Brut)

  "And of all the folk that dwelt there in land, the folk of this land was accounted the fairest of people, and also the women, comely in hue, and most nobly clothed, and best of all educated."

• attestation: There came into the hall marvellous tales!—-there came twelve thanes bold, clad with pall; noble warriors, noble men with weapon. (Layamon's Brut)

  "There came into the hall marvellous tales!—-there came twelve thanes bold, clad with pall;"

• attestation: On the fourth day, the king gan to speak, and gave his good knights all their rights; he gave silver, he gave gold. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then on the fourth day, the king gan to speak, and gave his good knights all their rights;"

• attestation: His men he pleased—-there was many a bold Briton before Arthur. But now came to the king new tidings! (Layamon's Brut)

  "his men he pleased—-there was many a bold Briton before Arthur."

• attestation: Now came to the king new tidings! (Layamon's Brut)

  "But now came to the king new tidings!"

• attestation: Arthur the bold king sate at a board. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur the bold king sate at a board;"

• attestation: Before him sate kings, and many chieftains; bishops and clerks, and knights most brave. (Layamon's Brut)

  "before him sate kings, and many chieftains;"

• attestation: Bishops and clerks, and knights most brave. (Layamon's Brut)

  "bishops and clerks, and knights most brave."

• attestation: Noble warriors, noble men with weapon; each had on hand a great ring of gold, and with a band of gold each had his head encircled. (Layamon's Brut)

  "noble warriors, noble men with weapon;"

• attestation: Each had on hand a great ring of gold, and with a band of gold each had his head encircled. Ever two and two walked together. (Layamon's Brut)

  "each had on hand a great ring of gold, and with a band of gold each had his head encircled."

• attestation: Ever two and two walked together. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Ever two and two walked together;"

• attribution: Stood him up Arthur, noblest of kings, and he called to him seven sons of kings, earls and barons, and those that were boldest, and all the wisest men that dwelt in the folk, and went into a house that was fast inclosed, of old stone work--strong men it wrought--therein they gan to commune, his wise councillors, what answer he would give to Luces the emperor. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then stood him up Arthur, noblest of kings, and he called to him seven sons of kings,"

• attestation: At these words the Britons leapt from the board. (Layamon's Brut)

  "At these words the Britons leapt from the board;"

• attribution: There was Arthur's court exceedingly enraged; and swore mickle oath, upon our mighty Lord, that they all were (should be) dead, who this errand bare. (Layamon's Brut)

  "there was Arthur's court exceedingly enraged;"

• attestation: Swore mickle oath, upon our mighty Lord, that they all were (should be) dead, who this errand bare; with horses drawn in pieces, death they should suffer. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and swore mickle oath, upon our mighty Lord, that they all were (should be) dead, who this errand bare;"

• attestation: With horses drawn in pieces, death they should suffer. There leapt towards them the Britons exceeding wrath. (Layamon's Brut)

  "with horses drawn in pieces, death they should suffer."

• attestation: There leapt towards them the Britons exceeding wrath; tore them by the hair, and laid them to the ground. (Layamon's Brut)

  "There leapt towards them the Britons exceeding wrath;"

• attestation: Tore them by the hair, and laid them to the ground. There were (would have been) the Romanish men pitifully treated, if Arthur had not leapt to them, as if it were a lion. (Layamon's Brut)

  "tore them by the hair, and laid them to the ground."

• attestation: There were (would have been) the Romanish men pitifully treated, if Arthur had not leapt to them, as if it were a lion; and said these words--wisest of all Britons! (Layamon's Brut)

  "There were (would have been) the Romanish men pitifully treated, if Arthur had not leapt to them, as if it were a lion;"

• attestation: Ye are good knights, brave men and active. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Ye are good knights, brave men and active;"

• attestation: Then heard Arthur the dispute of these knights;. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then heard Arthur the dispute of these knights;"

• attestation: Thus spake the mighty man with his fierce folk: "Sit ye down quickly, my knights all, and each by his life listen my words!" All it was still that dwelt in the hall. Then spake the bold king to his noble folk: "My earls, my barons, my bold thanes, my doughty men, my dear friends. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and thus spake the mighty man with his fierce folk: "Sit ye down quickly, my knights all, and each by his life listen my words!" All it was still that dwelt in the hall."

• attestation: Spake the bold king to his noble folk: "My earls, my barons, my bold thanes, my doughty men, my dear friends; through you I have conquered under the sun, so that I am man most powerful, and fierce against my enemies. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then spake the bold king to his noble folk: "My earls, my barons, my bold thanes, my doughty men, my dear friends;"

• attestation: Through you I have conquered under the sun, so that I am man most powerful, and fierce against my enemies; gold I have and treasure. (Layamon's Brut)

  "through you I have conquered under the sun, so that I am man most powerful, and fierce against my enemies;"

• attestation: I won it not alone, but we did, all clean. (Layamon's Brut)

  "I won it not alone, but we did, all clean."

• attestation: To many a fight I have led you, and ever ye were well skilled, so that many kingdoms stand in my hand. Ye are good knights, brave men and active. (Layamon's Brut)

  "To many a fight I have led you, and ever ye were well skilled, so that many kingdoms stand in my hand."

• attribution: That I have proved in well many lands" The yet spake him Arthur, noblest of kings: "But now ye have heard, my noble thanes, what the Romanish men counsel them between, and what words they send us here, into our land, with writ and with words, and with great wrath. Now we must bethink how we may with right defend our country and our great honour, against this powerful folk, against this Rome-people, and send them answer with our good words. (Layamon's Brut)

  "that I have proved in well many lands" The yet spake him Arthur, noblest of kings: "But now ye have heard, my noble thanes, what the Romanish men counsel them between, and what words they send us here, into our land, with writ and with words, and with great wrath."

• attestation: Some they sate still, a great while; some they made much communing between them. (Layamon's Brut)

  "some they sate still, a great while;"

• attestation: Thus spake the bold king, that had Britain under his rule, that was Arthur the king, Britain's darling! His warriors sate, and to his words listened. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Thus spake the bold king, that had Britain under his rule, that was Arthur the king, Britain's darling!"

• attestation: His warriors sate, and to his words listened. (Layamon's Brut)

  "His warriors sate, and to his words listened;"

• attestation: Some they made much communing between them; some it seemed to them good. (Layamon's Brut)

  "some they made much communing between them;"

• attestation: and all the land I will destroy, and all the knights put to death, that stand against me in fight!" Arthur took his writ in hand,. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and all the land I will destroy, and all the knights put to death, that stand against me in fight!"

Arthur took his writ in hand,"

• attestation: Thus Arthur them treated, all for their words! These twelve knights proceeded until they came to Rome. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Thus Arthur them treated, all for their words!"

• attribution: Then was Arthur's folk sternly incensed, knights were so enraged, that all they gan to be agitated. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then was Arthur's folk sternly incensed, knights were so enraged, that all they gan to be agitated."

• attribution: When Arthur had heard the clamour of his folk, then gan he call--the king was angry--"Sit ye down still, knights in hall, and I will you tell what I will do. (Layamon's Brut)

  "When Arthur had heard the clamour of his folk, then gan he call--the king was angry--"Sit ye down still, knights in hall, and I will you tell what I will do."

• attestation: Were in no land knights so bedecked with silver and with gold, nor through all things so well arrayed as these were by Arthur the king. Thus Arthur them treated, all for their words! (Layamon's Brut)

  "were in no land knights so bedecked with silver and with gold, nor through all things so well arrayed as these were by Arthur the king."

• attribution: The first king that there came, he was a man exceeding keen, Epistrod, king of Greece. (Layamon's Brut)

  "The first king that there came, he was a man exceeding keen, Epistrod, king of Greece;"

• attestation: Before harvest-day forth they gan to march, ever right the way that toward Muntgiu lay. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Before harvest-day forth they gan to march, ever right the way that toward Muntgiu lay."

• attestation: Never was he born, in every any burgh, that might tell the folk, that there went on foot! (Layamon's Brut)

  "Never was he born, in every any burgh, that might tell the folk, that there went on foot!"

• attestation: Were there told right, to fight most bold, four hundred thousand knights in the heap (assemblage), with weapons and with horses, as behoveth to knights. Never was he born, in every any burgh, that might tell the folk, that there went on foot! (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then were there told right, to fight most bold, four hundred thousand knights in the heap (assemblage), with weapons and with horses, as behoveth to knights."

• attestation: There he would gather his good people. This land he delivered to a famous knight. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and there he would gather his good people."

• attribution: Arthur then ordered, noblest of kings, the folk to be assembled at a set time, by their bare life, at Barbefleote. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur then ordered, noblest of kings, the folk to be assembled at a set time, by their bare life, at Barbefleote;"

• attestation: This land he delivered to a famous knight. (Layamon's Brut)

  "This land he delivered to a famous knight;"

• attribution: He was Arthur's relation, of his noble race; but knight he was wondrous good, and he had very much pride. (Layamon's Brut)

  "he was Arthur's relation, of his noble race;"

• attestation: There is in no land any bear so loathly. Then came there westward, winding with the clouds, a burning dragon. (Layamon's Brut)

  "there is in no land any bear so loathly."

• attestation: Came there westward, winding with the clouds, a burning dragon; burghs he swallowed, with his fire he lighted all this land's realm. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then came there westward, winding with the clouds, a burning dragon;"

• attestation: Was there none so bold knight under Christ, who durst ask the king of his welfare. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Was there none so bold knight under Christ, who durst ask the king of his welfare,"

• attestation: With lightning and with storm sternly he advanced; there is in no land any bear so loathly. (Layamon's Brut)

  "with lightning and with storm sternly he advanced;"

• attestation: When the king him awoke, greatly he was frightened, and began to groan with loud voice. (Layamon's Brut)

  "When the king him awoke, greatly he was frightened, and began to groan with loud voice."

• attestation: There durst no knight to evil expound no whit, lest he should lose his limbs that were dear to him. Forth they gan to voyage exceeding quickly. (Layamon's Brut)

  "There durst no knight to evil expound no whit, lest he should lose his limbs that were dear to him."

• attestation: They had all that to them was need; to land they came at Barbefleot. (Layamon's Brut)

  "they had all that to them was need;"

• attestation: To land they came at Barbefleot. To Barbefleot, at Constantin, therein came a mickle multitude, from all the lands that Arthur had in hand. (Layamon's Brut)

  "to land they came at Barbefleot."

• attestation: To Barbefleot, at Constantin, therein came a mickle multitude, from all the lands that Arthur had in hand. So soon as they might, out of ship they moved, the king ordered his folk to seek lodging, and the king would rest, until his folk came. (Layamon's Brut)

  "To Barbefleot, at Constantin, therein came a mickle multitude, from all the lands that Arthur had in hand."

• attestation: So soon as they might, out of ship they moved, the king ordered his folk to seek lodging, and the king would rest, until his folk came. (Layamon's Brut)

  "So soon as they might, out of ship they moved, the king ordered his folk to seek lodging, and the king would rest, until his folk came."

• attestation: The bishops heard this, and book-learned men. (Layamon's Brut)

  "The bishops heard this, and book-learned men;"

• attestation: This heard earls, this heard barons; each by his wit said wisdom, and this dream they interpreted, as to them best seemed. (Layamon's Brut)

  "this heard earls, this heard barons;"

• attestation: Each by his wit said wisdom, and this dream they interpreted, as to them best seemed. There durst no knight to evil expound no whit, lest he should lose his limbs that were dear to him. (Layamon's Brut)

  "each by his wit said wisdom, and this dream they interpreted, as to them best seemed."

• attestation: They alighted from their steeds, and righted their weeds. Then saw they not far a great fire smoke, upon a hill, surrounded by the sea-flood. (Layamon's Brut)

  "they alighted from their steeds, and righted their weeds."

• attestation: Another hill there was most high; the sea by it flowed full nigh, thereupon they saw a fire that was mickle and most strong. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and another hill there was most high;"

• attribution: Arthur heard this, noblest of all kings. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur heard this, noblest of all kings;"

• attestation: He bade them forth-right be all ready at midnight, with all their weapons, to go with the king, so that no man under Christ should know of their journey, except Arthur the king, and the two knights with him, and their six swains, brave men and active. (Layamon's Brut)

  "He bade them forth-right be all ready at midnight, with all their weapons, to go with the king, so that no man under Christ should know of their journey, except Arthur the king, and the two knights with him, and their six swains, brave men and active;"

• attestation: The knight that counselled it to the king should lead them. At the midnight, when men were asleep, Arthur forth him went, noblest of all kings. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and the knight that counselled it to the king should lead them."

• attribution: At the midnight, when men were asleep, Arthur forth him went, noblest of all kings. (Layamon's Brut)

  "At the midnight, when men were asleep, Arthur forth him went, noblest of all kings."

• attestation: Before rode their guide, until it was daylight. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Before rode their guide, until it was daylight;"

• attestation: Saw they not far a great fire smoke, upon a hill, surrounded by the sea-flood; and another hill there was most high. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then saw they not far a great fire smoke, upon a hill, surrounded by the sea-flood;"

• attestation: He thought to find the stern fiend, that he might fight, and prove himself. Then found he there a woman shaking with her head, a hoary-locked wife, who wept for her wretchedness. (Layamon's Brut)

  "he thought to find the stern fiend, that he might fight, and prove himself."

• attribution: She cursed her lot that she was alive; that sate by the fire, with piteous cries, and sat and ever she beheld a grave, and said her words with plaintive voice: "Alas! (Layamon's Brut)

  "she cursed her lot that she was alive;"

• attestation: A helm on his head, high, of steel; his body was covered with a fair burny. (Layamon's Brut)

  "a helm on his head, high, of steel;"

• attestation: His body was covered with a fair burny; he had by his side a brand all of steel. (Layamon's Brut)

  "his body was covered with a fair burny;"

• attestation: He had by his side a brand all of steel; and forth he gan step, the powerfully strong earl, until he arrived near the fire. (Layamon's Brut)

  "he had by his side a brand all of steel;"

• attestation: Forth he gan step, the powerfully strong earl, until he arrived near the fire; and he under a tree gan him tarry. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and forth he gan step, the powerfully strong earl, until he arrived near the fire;"

• attestation: He under a tree gan him tarry. Then heard he one weep, wondrously much, weep and whine with piteous cries. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and he under a tree gan him tarry."

• attestation: Heard he one weep, wondrously much, weep and whine with piteous cries. Then the knight weened that it were the giant, and he became incensed as if it were a wild boar, and soon forgot what his lord said to him. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then heard he one weep, wondrously much, weep and whine with piteous cries."

• attestation: The knight weened that it were the giant, and he became incensed as if it were a wild boar, and soon forgot what his lord said to him. His shield he drew on his breast, his spear he grasped fast, and near gan wend toward the fire. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then the knight weened that it were the giant, and he became incensed as if it were a wild boar, and soon forgot what his lord said to him."

• attestation: His shield he drew on his breast, his spear he grasped fast, and near gan wend toward the fire. (Layamon's Brut)

  "His shield he drew on his breast, his spear he grasped fast, and near gan wend toward the fire;"

• relationship: Found he there a woman shaking with her head, a hoary-locked wife, who wept for her wretchedness; she cursed her lot that she was alive. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then found he there a woman shaking with her head, a hoary-locked wife, who wept for her wretchedness;"

• attestation: There they them between held their communing, how they might take on, so that the fiend were destroyed. (Layamon's Brut)

  "There they them between held their communing, how they might take on, so that the fiend were destroyed."

• attestation: The while arrived the giant, and proceeded to his fire. (Layamon's Brut)

  "The while arrived the giant, and proceeded to his fire;"

• attestation: He bare upon his back a great burthen, that was twelve swine, tied together, with withies exceeding great wreathed altogether. Adown he threw the dead swine, and himself sate thereby. (Layamon's Brut)

  "he bare upon his back a great burthen, that was twelve swine, tied together, with withies exceeding great wreathed altogether."

• attestation: Adown he threw the dead swine, and himself sate thereby. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Adown he threw the dead swine, and himself sate thereby;"

• attestation: His fire he gan mend, and great trees laid thereon; the six swine he drew in pieces, and ever he to the woman smiled, and soon by a while he lay by the woman. (Layamon's Brut)

  "his fire he gan mend, and great trees laid thereon;"

• attestation: The six swine he drew in pieces, and ever he to the woman smiled, and soon by a while he lay by the woman. But he knew not of the tiding that came to his lemman. (Layamon's Brut)

  "the six swine he drew in pieces, and ever he to the woman smiled, and soon by a while he lay by the woman."

• attestation: Who is it that fighteth with me? I weened not that any man in this world's realm might me thus lightly defeat in fight, except it were Arthur, noblest of all kings. (Layamon's Brut)

  "who is it that fighteth with me?"

• attestation: Arthur engaged in combat (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then was the giant exceeding heavy, and Arthur was the swifter, and overtook the giant, and up heaved his good brand, and smote from him the thigh;"

• attestation: Ere the king had this fully said, the giant up started, and grasped his mickle club, and weened with the blow to dash Arthur all in pieces. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Ere the king had this fully said, the giant up started, and grasped his mickle club, and weened with the blow to dash Arthur all in pieces;"

• attestation: Arthur drew his shield high above his helm; and the giant smote thereon above, so that all it gan to shiver. (Layamon's Brut)

  "but Arthur drew his shield high above his helm;"

• attestation: The giant smote thereon above, so that all it gan to shiver. And Arthur struck at him in haste with his sword, and smote off him the chin, with all the hair, and started him behind a tree, that there stood near. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and the giant smote thereon above, so that all it gan to shiver."

• attestation: Arthur engaged in combat (Layamon's Brut)

  "And Arthur struck at him in haste with his sword, and smote off him the chin, with all the hair, and started him behind a tree, that there stood near;"

• attestation: The giant smote after quickly, and hit him not, but he smote the tree, so that his club brake all in pieces. And Arthur quickly ran round about the tree. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and the giant smote after quickly, and hit him not, but he smote the tree, so that his club brake all in pieces."

• attestation: Arthur quickly ran round about the tree; and so Arthur and the monster ran round it thrice about. (Layamon's Brut)

  "And Arthur quickly ran round about the tree;"

• attestation: So Arthur and the monster ran round it thrice about. Then was the giant exceeding heavy, and Arthur was the swifter, and overtook the giant, and up heaved his good brand, and smote from him the thigh. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and so Arthur and the monster ran round it thrice about."

• attestation: Gan the fiend to speak: "Lord, lord, give me peace; who is it that fighteth with me? (Layamon's Brut)

  "then gan the fiend to speak: "Lord, lord, give me peace;"

• attribution: Then was Arthur's host numerously collected;. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then was Arthur's host numerously collected;"

• attestation: Afterwards proceed hither, and kill all the Britons, quick that they found, and Arthur the keen led bound to France. Then was enraged the boldest of all kings, and ordered all his tents to be pitched in the fields. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and afterwards proceed hither, and kill all the Britons, quick that they found, and Arthur the keen led bound to France."

• attestation: Each carried on his shoulder a shield exceeding good; they bare in their hands spears most strong. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and each carried on his shoulder a shield exceeding good;"

• attestation: They bare in their hands spears most strong. Forth they gan ride, noble men, from the host. (Layamon's Brut)

  "they bare in their hands spears most strong."

• attestation: Forth they gan ride, noble men, from the host. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Forth they gan ride, noble men, from the host;"

• attestation: much of the folk that with Arthur dwelt, with Walwain went, and earnestly prayed him, that he should raise some dispute with the Rome-folk:--"That we may with fight prove ourselves;. (Layamon's Brut)

  "much of the folk that with Arthur dwelt, with Walwain went, and earnestly prayed him, that he should raise some dispute with the Rome-folk:--"That we may with fight prove ourselves;"

• attestation: For it is many years that (since) their threats came here; and their menace they make, that they will us behead. (Layamon's Brut)

  "for it is many years that (since) their threats came here;"

• attestation: There men might behold, the man who were beside, many thousands throng out of the tents, all to behold these three bold knights, and beheld their steeds, and beheld their weeds, and hearkened tidings from Arthur the king. And next forthright questioned the knights, and if the king had sent them to the emperor, for to speak with the emperor, and to yearn his peace. (Layamon's Brut)

  "There men might behold, the man who were beside, many thousands throng out of the tents, all to behold these three bold knights, and beheld their steeds, and beheld their weeds, and hearkened tidings from Arthur the king."

• attestation: Next forthright questioned the knights, and if the king had sent them to the emperor, for to speak with the emperor, and to yearn his peace. But for never any speech these three noble earls would abide, ere they came riding before the tent's door, wherein was the emperor. (Layamon's Brut)

  "And next forthright questioned the knights, and if the king had sent them to the emperor, for to speak with the emperor, and to yearn his peace."

• attestation: For never any speech these three noble earls would abide, ere they came riding before the tent's door, wherein was the emperor. (Layamon's Brut)

  "But for never any speech these three noble earls would abide, ere they came riding before the tent's door, wherein was the emperor."

• attribution: Then answered Walwain, who was Arthur's relative: "Belin and Brenne, both the brothers, Britain they possessed, and France they conquered;. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then answered Walwain, who was Arthur's relative: "Belin and Brenne, both the brothers, Britain they possessed, and France they conquered;"

• attestation: Thus is Rome our right, that thou holdest in hand, and if we may live, we will it have, unless thou wilt acknowledge that Arthur is king over thee, and each year send him tribute of thy land; and if thou goest to him in amity, thou mayest live the quieter! (Layamon's Brut)

  "And thus is Rome our right, that thou holdest in hand, and if we may live, we will it have, unless thou wilt acknowledge that Arthur is king over thee, and each year send him tribute of thy land;"

• attestation: They all shall hang upon high trees, or with horses be drawn in pieces!" Even with this saying that the emperor said, the earls gan to ride, and spurred their steeds. (Layamon's Brut)

  "They all shall hang upon high trees, or with horses be drawn in pieces!" Even with this saying that the emperor said, the earls gan to ride, and spurred their steeds;"

• attribution: If thou goest to him in amity, thou mayest live the quieter!" Then sate by the emperor a knight of his kin, named Quencelin; noble man in Rome. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and if thou goest to him in amity, thou mayest live the quieter!"

Then sate by the emperor a knight of his kin, named Quencelin;"

• attestation: Afterwards their horses they turned, and held their way. And the Romanish men rode ever after them. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and afterwards their horses they turned, and held their way."

• attestation: Oft they smote on them, oft they them reproached; oft they said to them: "Ye shall pay for the deed! (Layamon's Brut)

  "oft they smote on them, oft they them reproached;"

• attestation: The Romanish men rode ever after them; oft they smote on them, oft they them reproached. (Layamon's Brut)

  "And the Romanish men rode ever after them;"

• attestation: There fell in that day fifteen thousand of noble men, ere it were even. There might he find, whoso would prove his strength, hand against hand, the strong against the strong, shield against shield, knights there fell! (Layamon's Brut)

  "there fell in that day fifteen thousand of noble men, ere it were even."

• attestation: Even with the words that the knight of Oxford said to his companions beside, then gan he to ride, even all they rode then as swift as hound driveth the hart, and his comrades after, with all their might, throughout the mickle fight, all the troop. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Even with the words that the knight of Oxford said to his companions beside, then gan he to ride, even all they rode then as swift as hound driveth the hart, and his comrades after, with all their might, throughout the mickle fight, all the troop;"

• attribution: This was all thus spoken, but it was soon known. (Layamon's Brut)

  "This was all thus spoken, but it was soon known."

• attestation: Spies went over the king's host, and heard say sooth words, whither Arthur would send the knights that he had in bonds. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Spies went over the king's host, and heard say sooth words, whither Arthur would send the knights that he had in bonds;"

• attestation: Their remedy was too little there, at their great need. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Their remedy was too little there, at their great need."

• attestation: Woe was there to the Britons without Arthur! (Layamon's Brut)

  "Woe was there to the Britons without Arthur!"

• attestation: There was Borel slam, and deprived of life-day. Evander the king him killed with his wicked craft, and three Britons eke, high men born. (Layamon's Brut)

  "There was Borel slam, and deprived of life-day."

• attestation: Evander the king him killed with his wicked craft, and three Britons eke, high men born. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Evander the king him killed with his wicked craft, and three Britons eke, high men born."

• attestation: Had out marched from Arthur's host the king of Poitou, hardy man renowned; Guitard he hight. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then had out marched from Arthur's host the king of Poitou, hardy man renowned;"

• attestation: The emperor heard say sooth words, how his men were taken, and how his folk was eke slain. (Layamon's Brut)

  "The emperor heard say sooth words, how his men were taken, and how his folk was eke slain."

• attestation: He became then afraid wondrously much, and betook him to counsel and to some communing, that he would march to Aust, with all his host. (Layamon's Brut)

  "He became then afraid wondrously much, and betook him to counsel and to some communing, that he would march to Aust, with all his host;"

• attestation: Arthur had his spies in the army of the emperor, and they soon caused him to know whither he (the emperor) would go. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur had his spies in the army of the emperor, and they soon caused him to know whither he (the emperor) would go."

• attestation: Arthur caused soon his host to be assembled, stilly by night his best knights;. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur caused soon his host to be assembled, stilly by night his best knights;"

• attestation: Forth the king marched with his good folk. On his right hand he let Lengres stand, and proceeded forward in the way that Luces would pass. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and forth the king marched with his good folk."

• attestation: Arthur there alighted down, and ordered all his people that they in haste should get ready their weapons, and prepare them to fight, as brave knights should;. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur there alighted down, and ordered all his people that they in haste should get ready their weapons, and prepare them to fight, as brave knights should;"

• attestation: Thereof he thought to boast, as it afterwards happened, thereafter full soon. Arthur took ten thousand of his noble knights, and sent on the right hand, clad in armour, he caused other ten thousand to march on his left hand. (Layamon's Brut)

  "thereof he thought to boast, as it afterwards happened, thereafter full soon."

• attestation: Arthur took ten thousand of his noble knights, and sent on the right hand, clad in armour, he caused other ten thousand to march on his left hand;. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur took ten thousand of his noble knights, and sent on the right hand, clad in armour, he caused other ten thousand to march on his left hand;"

• attestation: Ten thousand behind, with himself he held sixteen thousand; aside he sent into a fair wood seventeen thousand good knights, well weaponed men, the wood to guard, so that they might fare thither, if to him were need. (Layamon's Brut)

  "ten thousand behind, with himself he held sixteen thousand;"

• attestation: Pursue ye after them, with all your might, and all that ye may overtake deprive it of life-day; the fat and the lean, the rich and the poor. (Layamon's Brut)

  "pursue ye after them, with all your might, and all that ye may overtake deprive it of life-day;"

• attestation: The fat and the lean, the rich and the poor. For in never any land, nor in any nation are knights all so good as are with myself, knights all so brave, knights all so powerful, knights all so strong, in ever any land! (Layamon's Brut)

  "the fat and the lean, the rich and the poor."

• attestation: Ye are under Christ knights keenest of all, and I am mightiest of all kings under God himself. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Ye are under Christ knights keenest of all, and I am mightiest of all kings under God himself."

• attestation: For in never any land, nor in any nation are knights all so good as are with myself, knights all so brave, knights all so powerful, knights all so strong, in ever any land! Ye are under Christ knights keenest of all, and I am mightiest of all kings under God himself. (Layamon's Brut)

  "For in never any land, nor in any nation are knights all so good as are with myself, knights all so brave, knights all so powerful, knights all so strong, in ever any land!"

• attestation: Do we well this deed, God us well speed!" The knights then answered, stilly under heaven: "All we shall well do, and all we shall undertake. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Do we well this deed, God us well speed!" The knights then answered, stilly under heaven: "All we shall well do, and all we shall undertake;"

• attestation: Forth gan ride the Romanish people, until they came a mile near to Arthur. (Layamon's Brut)

  "And forth gan ride the Romanish people, until they came a mile near to Arthur."

• attestation: Gold-coloured vests, men most stern; steeds leap—-the earth stirred! (Layamon's Brut)

  "gold-coloured vests, men most stern;"

• attestation: High standards, warriors them held, sixty thousand waving with the wind; shields glitter, burnies shine. (Layamon's Brut)

  "high standards, warriors them held, sixty thousand waving with the wind;"

• attestation: They saw all the dales, and all the downs, and all the hills covered with helms; high standards, warriors them held, sixty thousand waving with the wind. (Layamon's Brut)

  "they saw all the dales, and all the downs, and all the hills covered with helms;"

• attestation: Shields glitter, burnies shine; gold-coloured vests, men most stern. (Layamon's Brut)

  "shields glitter, burnies shine;"

• attestation: Take we our weapons, and march we to them. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Take we our weapons, and march we to them;"

• attestation: The third was of Lybia, of heathen land. They came to the host at the east end, and brake the body-of-troops that the Britons there held, and anon felled fifteen hundred bold thanes of Arthur's folk. (Layamon's Brut)

  "the third was of Lybia, of heathen land."

• attestation: They came to the host at the east end, and brake the body-of-troops that the Britons there held, and anon felled fifteen hundred bold thanes of Arthur's folk. (Layamon's Brut)

  "They came to the host at the east end, and brake the body-of-troops that the Britons there held, and anon felled fifteen hundred bold thanes of Arthur's folk;"

• attestation: The Britons turned the backs soon. But then came there riding two keen earls, that was, Beduer and Kay, Arthur's cup-bearer and his relative. (Layamon's Brut)

  "then the Britons turned the backs soon."

• attestation: Then came there riding two keen earls, that was, Beduer and Kay, Arthur's cup-bearer and his relative. (Layamon's Brut)

  "But then came there riding two keen earls, that was, Beduer and Kay, Arthur's cup-bearer and his relative;"

• attestation: Their Britons they saw hewed in pieces with swords. There became enraged the earls most bold, and with ten thousand knights pressed to the fight, amid the throng, where they were thickest, and slew the Rome-folk very grievously. (Layamon's Brut)

  "their Britons they saw hewed in pieces with swords."

• attestation: Word came to Arthur, where he was in his tent, that the emperor was slam, and deprived of life-day. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Word came to Arthur, where he was in his tent, that the emperor was slam, and deprived of life-day."

• attestation: Arthur caused a tent to be pitched, amidst a broad field, and thither caused to be borne Luces the emperor, and caused him to be covered with gold coloured clothes, and caused him there to be watched three full days, the while he caused to be made a work exceeding rich, a long chest. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur caused a tent to be pitched, amidst a broad field, and thither caused to be borne Luces the emperor, and caused him to be covered with gold coloured clothes, and caused him there to be watched three full days, the while he caused to be made a work exceeding rich, a long chest;"

• attribution: Arthur engaged in combat (Layamon's Brut)

  "The yet did Arthur more, noblest of all Britons, Arthur caused to be sought all the powerful men, kings and earls, and the richest barons, who in the fight were slain, and deprived of life-day;"

• attestation: And greeted all the Rome-people with a great taunt, and said that he sent them the tribute of his land, and eft would also send them more greeting, if they would yearn of Arthur's gold;. (Layamon's Brut)

  "And greeted all the Rome-people with a great taunt, and said that he sent them the tribute of his land, and eft would also send them more greeting, if they would yearn of Arthur's gold;"

• attestation: Leir, the earl, men carried into Boulogne. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Leir, the earl, men carried into Boulogne;"

• attestation: Arthur then thereafter dwelt in a land in Burgundy, that to him seemed best; the land he all ruled, and all the castles appointed. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and Arthur then thereafter dwelt in a land in Burgundy, that to him seemed best;"

• attestation: The land he all ruled, and all the castles appointed; and said that he would himself hold the land. (Layamon's Brut)

  "the land he all ruled, and all the castles appointed;"

• attestation: Said that he would himself hold the land. And afterwards he made his threat, that he would in summer march into Rome, and acquire all the realm, and himself be emperor where Luces ere dwelt. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and said that he would himself hold the land."

• attestation: To Arthur he was welcome, for he weened that he brought news most good. Arthur lay all the night long, and spake with the young knight. (Layamon's Brut)

  "to Arthur he was welcome, for he weened that he brought news most good."

• attestation: Came there on a time a brave man riding, and brought tiding to Arthur the king, from Modred, his sister's son; to Arthur he was welcome, for he weened that he brought news most good. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then came there on a time a brave man riding, and brought tiding to Arthur the king, from Modred, his sister's son;"

• attestation: Arthur lay all the night long, and spake with the young knight;. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur lay all the night long, and spake with the young knight;"

• attestation: So never would he say to him sooth how it fared. When it was day on the morrow, and people gan to stir, Arthur then up arose, and stretched his arms. (Layamon's Brut)

  "so never would he say to him sooth how it fared."

• attestation: When it was day on the morrow, and people gan to stir, Arthur then up arose, and stretched his arms. (Layamon's Brut)

  "When it was day on the morrow, and people gan to stir, Arthur then up arose, and stretched his arms;"

• attestation: He arose up, and sate down, as if he were exceeding sick. Then asked him a fair knight--"Lord, how hast thou fared to-night? (Layamon's Brut)

  "he arose up, and sate down, as if he were exceeding sick."

• attestation: Then asked him a fair knight--"Lord, how hast thou fared to-night?" Arthur then answered--in mind he was uneasy: "To-night in my sleep, where I lay in chamber, I dreamt a dream--therefore I am full sorry. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then asked him a fair knight--"Lord, how hast thou fared to-night?" Arthur then answered--in mind he was uneasy: "To-night in my sleep, where I lay in chamber, I dreamt a dream--therefore I am full sorry."

• attribution: Arthur then answered, noblest of all kings: "So long as is ever, weened I that never, that ever Modred, my relative, who is man dearest to me, would betray me, for all my realm, nor Wenhaver, my queen, weaken in thought. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur then answered, noblest of all kings: "So long as is ever, weened I that never, that ever Modred, my relative, who is man dearest to me, would betray me, for all my realm, nor Wenhaver, my queen, weaken in thought;"

• attestation: My head be in pledge, that I have said thee sooth, without leasing, of thy loved queen, and of Modred, thy sister's son, how he hath taken Britain from thee." Then sate it all still in Arthur's hall;. (Layamon's Brut)

  "My head be in pledge, that I have said thee sooth, without leasing, of thy loved queen, and of Modred, thy sister's son, how he hath taken Britain from thee."

Then sate it all still in Arthur's hall;"

• attestation: Now was there some wicked knight in Arthur's army, anon as he heard it determined of Modred's death, he took his swain quickly, and sent to this land;. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Now was there some wicked knight in Arthur's army, anon as he heard it determined of Modred's death, he took his swain quickly, and sent to this land;"

• attestation: and sent word to Wenhaver, how it had happened, and how Arthur was on his march, with a great host, and how he would take on, and all how he would do. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and sent word to Wenhaver, how it had happened, and how Arthur was on his march, with a great host, and how he would take on, and all how he would do."

• attestation: The queen came to Modred, who was to her dearest of men, and told him tiding of Arthur the king, how he would take on, and all how he would do. (Layamon's Brut)

  "The queen came to Modred, who was to her dearest of men, and told him tiding of Arthur the king, how he would take on, and all how he would do."

• attestation: Because he should him help to fight against his uncle King Arthur. Childrich proceeded soon into Britain. (Layamon's Brut)

  "because he should him help to fight against his uncle King Arthur."

• attestation: When Modred had assembled his host of men, then were there told sixty thousand hardy warriors of heathen folk, when they were come hither, for Arthur's harm, and to help Modred, wickedest of men! (Layamon's Brut)

  "When Modred had assembled his host of men, then were there told sixty thousand hardy warriors of heathen folk, when they were come hither, for Arthur's harm, and to help Modred, wickedest of men!"

• attestation: The burghmen heard how it had all fared, and denied him entry, and all his folk. (Layamon's Brut)

  "The burghmen heard how it had all fared, and denied him entry, and all his folk."

• attestation: They him received, with all his men. And Arthur pursued after, with all his might, until he came to Winchester, with a mickle host, and the burgh all besieged. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and they him received, with all his men."

• attestation: And Arthur pursued after, with all his might, until he came to Winchester, with a mickle host, and the burgh all besieged;. (Layamon's Brut)

  "And Arthur pursued after, with all his might, until he came to Winchester, with a mickle host, and the burgh all besieged;"

• attestation: When Modred saw that Arthur was so nigh to him, oft he bethought him what he might do. (Layamon's Brut)

  "When Modred saw that Arthur was so nigh to him, oft he bethought him what he might do."

• attestation: On the same night, he ordered all his knights, with all their weapons, to march out of the burgh; and said that he would with fight there make a stand. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then on the same night, he ordered all his knights, with all their weapons, to march out of the burgh;"

• attestation: Said that he would with fight there make a stand. He promised the burghmen free law evermore, on condition that they should help him at his great need. (Layamon's Brut)

  "and said that he would with fight there make a stand."

• attestation: He promised the burghmen free law evermore, on condition that they should help him at his great need. (Layamon's Brut)

  "He promised the burghmen free law evermore, on condition that they should help him at his great need."

• attestation: When it was daylight, then ready was their fight. (Layamon's Brut)

  "When it was daylight, then ready was their fight."

• attestation: Arthur that perceived--the king was enraged. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur that perceived--the king was enraged;"

• attestation: He caused trumpets to be blown, and men to be assembled to battle; he commanded all his thanes, and his noble knights, together to take the fight, and fell his enemies, and the burgh all to destroy, and hang the burgh-folk. (Layamon's Brut)

  "he caused trumpets to be blown, and men to be assembled to battle;"

• attestation: Arthur that heard, wrathest of kings, that Modred was in Cornwall with a mickle army, and there would abide until Arthur approached. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur that heard, wrathest of kings, that Modred was in Cornwall with a mickle army, and there would abide until Arthur approached."

• attestation: Arthur sent messengers over all his kingdom, and bade all to come that was alive in land, that to fight were good, weapons to bear. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur sent messengers over all his kingdom, and bade all to come that was alive in land, that to fight were good, weapons to bear;"

• attestation: Whoso it neglected, that the king commanded, the king would him all consume alive in the land. Innumerable folk it came toward the host, riding and on foot, as the rain down falleth! (Layamon's Brut)

  "and whoso it neglected, that the king commanded, the king would him all consume alive in the land."

• attestation: Innumerable folk it came toward the host, riding and on foot, as the rain down falleth! (Layamon's Brut)

  "Innumerable folk it came toward the host, riding and on foot, as the rain down falleth!"

• attestation: Arthur marched to Cornwall, with an immense army. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Arthur marched to Cornwall, with an immense army."

• attribution: At Camelford was assembled sixty thousand men, and more thousands thereto; Modred was their chief. (Layamon's Brut)

  "And at Camelford was assembled sixty thousand men, and more thousands thereto;"

• attestation: Thitherward gan ride Arthur the mighty, with innumerable folk--fated though it were! Upon the Tambre they encountered together. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Then thitherward gan ride Arthur the mighty, with innumerable folk--fated though it were!"

• attestation: Upon the Tambre they encountered together. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Upon the Tambre they encountered together;"

• attestation: Tambre was in flood with blood to excess. (Layamon's Brut)

  "Tambre was in flood with blood to excess;"

• attestation: Drew their long swords, and smote on the helms; fire out sprang. (Layamon's Brut)

  "drew their long swords, and smote on the helms;"

• attestation: There fought all together innumerable folk! Tambre was in flood with blood to excess. (Layamon's Brut)

  "There fought all together innumerable folk!"