Goidelic

Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx

• attestation: ' Betws (or Bettws) Garmon seems to mean Germanus's Bede-hus or House of Prayer, but Garmon can hardly have come down in Welsh from the time of the famous saint in the fifth century, as it would then (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume I > Chapter I: Undine's Kymric Sisters)

  "' Betws (or Bettws) Garmon seems to mean Germanus's Bede-hus or House of Prayer, but Garmon can hardly have come down in Welsh from the time of the famous saint in the fifth century, as it would then have probably yielded Gerfon and not Garmon: it looks as if it had come through the Goidelic of this country."

• attestation: This word is not in Welsh dictionaries, but it is Scotch and Manx Gaelic, and is possibly a remnant of the Goidelic once spoken in Gwyneif (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume I > Chapter II: The Fairies' Revenge)

  "' This word is not in Welsh dictionaries, but it is Scotch and Manx Gaelic, and is possibly a remnant of the Goidelic once spoken in Gwyneif."

• attestation: An early version of these legends might perhaps have supplied the answer, and told us that it was Gwydelig or Goidelic, if not an earlier idiom, to wit that of the Aborigines before they learnt Goidel (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume I > Chapter III: Fairy Ways and Words)

  "An early version of these legends might perhaps have supplied the answer, and told us that it was Gwydelig or Goidelic, if not an earlier idiom, to wit that of the Aborigines before they learnt Goidelic from the Celts of the first wave of Aryan invasion, whether it was in the region of the Eifl or in the Demetian half of Keredigion."

• attestation: Now the plural Prydyn has its etjmiological Goidelic equivalent in the vocable Cruithni, which is well known to have meant the Picts or the descendants of the Picti of Roman historians (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume I > Chapter III: Fairy Ways and Words)

  "Now the plural Prydyn has its etjmiological Goidelic equivalent in the vocable Cruithni, which is well known to have meant the Picts or the descendants of the Picti of Roman historians."

• attestation: The word that serves as our singular, namely cawr, is far harder to explain; but on the whole I am inclined to regard it as of a different origin, to wit, the Goidelic word caur, ' a giant or,liero,' (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume I > Chapter III: Fairy Ways and Words)

  "The word that serves as our singular, namely cawr, is far harder to explain; but on the whole I am inclined to regard it as of a different origin, to wit, the Goidelic word caur, ' a giant or,liero,' borrowed."

• attestation: The name occurs in the charters from the Book 0/ Deer in Stokes' Goidelica, pp (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume I > Chapter VI: The Folklore of the Wells)

  "The name occurs in the charters from the Book 0/ Deer in Stokes' Goidelica, pp. 109, in, as Morcunt, Morcunn, and Morgunn undeclined, also with Morgainii for genitive; and so in Skene's Chronicles of the Picts and Scots, pp. 77, 317, where it is printed Morgaind; see also Stokes' Tigernach, in the Revue Celtique, xvii. 198."

• comparison: This is sometimes given as Glannach, which looks like the Goidelic form of the name: witness Giraldus' Emslannach in his Jtin (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VII: Triumphs of the Water-world)

  "' This is sometimes given as Glannach, which looks like the Goidelic form of the name: witness Giraldus' Emslannach in his Jtin."

• attestation: It is worthy of note that the modification of Nudo into Lado must have taken place comparatively early — not improbably while the language was still Goidelic — as we seem to have a survival of the nam (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VII: Triumphs of the Water-world)

  "It is worthy of note that the modification of Nudo into Lado must have taken place comparatively early — not improbably while the language was still Goidelic — as we seem to have a survival of the name in that of Lydn^ itself."

• attestation: This seems to be the Goidelic word borrowed, which in Mod (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter VIII: Welsh Cave Legends)

  "' This seems to be the Goidelic word borrowed, which in Mod."

• attribution: Perhaps the final disuse of Goidelic speech in the district is to be, to some extent, regarded as accounting for our dearth of data (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "Perhaps the final disuse of Goidelic speech in the district is to be, to some extent, regarded as accounting for our dearth of data."

• attestation: ' Cos ILychwr, ' Lougbor Castle,' is supposed to involve in its ILychwr, S-teekarr, or Loughor, the nunc of the place in fhcAHlonmus Iliniraty,^Z^, i, to wit Liucomm; but the guttural spirant ch betwe (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "' Cos ILychwr, ' Lougbor Castle,' is supposed to involve in its ILychwr, S-teekarr, or Loughor, the nunc of the place in fhcAHlonmus Iliniraty,^Z^, i, to wit Liucomm; but the guttural spirant ch between vowels in ILychwr ■rgues a phonetic process which was Goidelic rather than Bcythonic."

• attestation: place-oamea are Goidelic (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "place-oamea are Goidelic t"

• attestation: Now did the Welsh render ore by a different word unrelated to the Goidelic one which they heard (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "Now did the Welsh render ore by a different word unrelated to the Goidelic one which they heard?"

• attestation: In this extract the word ore occurs in the genitive as iiirc, and it means a ' pig * or ' boar '; in fact it is, with the usual Celtic loss of the consonant p, the exact Goidelic equivalent of the Lat (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "In this extract the word ore occurs in the genitive as iiirc, and it means a ' pig * or ' boar '; in fact it is, with the usual Celtic loss of the consonant p, the exact Goidelic equivalent of the Latin porctis, genitive porci."

• attestation: Very simply, if you will just suppose the name to have been Goidelic; for then you have only to provide it with the definite article and it makes in banbh, ' the pig or the boar,' and that could not i (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "Very simply, if you will just suppose the name to have been Goidelic; for then you have only to provide it with the definite article and it makes in banbh, ' the pig or the boar,' and that could not in Welsh yield anything but ymmattw or ammanw ', which with the accent shifted backwards, became Ammanw and Amman or Aman."

• attestation: The Goidel relating the story would say that a boar, banbh, was killed on the mountain or hill of in Banbh or of 'the Boar'; and his Goidelic hearer could not fail to associate the place-name with the (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "The Goidel relating the story would say that a boar, banbh, was killed on the mountain or hill of in Banbh or of 'the Boar'; and his Goidelic hearer could not fail to associate the place-name with the appellative."

• attestation: In this very story, probably, such a name as Garth Grugyn is but slightly modified from a Goidelic Gort Grucaind, 'the enclosure of Grucand ^ or Grugan ': compare Cuchulaind or Ciichulainn made in Wel (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "In this very story, probably, such a name as Garth Grugyn is but slightly modified from a Goidelic Gort Grucaind, 'the enclosure of Grucand ^ or Grugan ': compare Cuchulaind or Ciichulainn made in Welsh into Cocholyn."

• attestation: But observe that the latter was Welsh and the former Goidelic, which makes all the difference for our story (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "But observe that the latter was Welsh and the former Goidelic, which makes all the difference for our story."

• attestation: It is needless to say that my remarks have no meaning unless Goidelic was the original language of the tale (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "It is needless to say that my remarks have no meaning unless Goidelic was the original language of the tale."

• attestation: In rendering this name into Welsh as Echel, due regard was had for the etymological equivalence of Goidelic cc or c to Welsh cfi, but the unbroken oral tradition of a people changing its language by d (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "In rendering this name into Welsh as Echel, due regard was had for the etymological equivalence of Goidelic cc or c to Welsh cfi, but the unbroken oral tradition of a people changing its language by degrees from Goidelic to Welsh was subject to no such influence, especially in the matter of local names; so the one here in question passed into Welsh as Ecce/, liable only to be modified into Egel."

• attestation: The Goidelic name underlying that of Echel was probably some such a one as Eccel or Ecell; and Eceil occurs, for instance, in the Book of the Dun Coiv, fo (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "The Goidelic name underlying that of Echel was probably some such a one as Eccel or Ecell; and Eceil occurs, for instance, in the Book of the Dun Coiv, fo."

• attestation: Two answers suggest themselves, and the first comes to this: if the story was in writing, we may suppose a literary man to have sat down to translate it word for word from Goidelic to Brjrthonic, or e (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "Two answers suggest themselves, and the first comes to this: if the story was in writing, we may suppose a literary man to have sat down to translate it word for word from Goidelic to Brjrthonic, or else to adapt it in a looser fashion."

• attestation: On the other hand, the literary man who knew something of the two languages seems to have reasoned, that where a Goidelic M occurred between vowels, the correct etymological equivalent in Brj^honic wa (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "On the other hand, the literary man who knew something of the two languages seems to have reasoned, that where a Goidelic M occurred between vowels, the correct etymological equivalent in Brj^honic was /, subject to be mutated to d."

• comparison: similar; that is to say, Echd would be the literary form and Ecel^ Egel the popular one respectively of the Goidelic Ecell (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "similar; that is to say, Echd would be the literary form and Ecel^ Egel the popular one respectively of the Goidelic Ecell."

• relationship: There is no objection, however, so far as this argument is concerned, to their being regarded as this country's Goidels descended either from native Goidels or from early Goidelic invaders from Irelan (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "There is no objection, however, so far as this argument is concerned, to their being regarded as this country's Goidels descended either from native Goidels or from early Goidelic invaders from Ireland, or else partly from the one origin and partly from the other."

• attestation: The preservation of Goidelic th in McUhonwy stamps it as ranking with Trwyth, Egel, and Arwyli, as contrasted with a form etymologically more correct, of which we seem to have an echo in the Breton na (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "The preservation of Goidelic th in McUhonwy stamps it as ranking with Trwyth, Egel, and Arwyli, as contrasted with a form etymologically more correct, of which we seem to have an echo in the Breton names Madganoe and Madgone^."

• relationship: Another name which I am inclined to regard as brought in from Goidelic is that of Gilvaethwy, son of Don: it would seem to involve some such a word as the Irish gilla, 'a youth, an attendant or servan (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "Another name which I am inclined to regard as brought in from Goidelic is that of Gilvaethwy, son of Don: it would seem to involve some such a word as the Irish gilla, 'a youth, an attendant or servant,' and some form of the Goidelic name Manghtetis or Mochia, so that the name CHla-mochtai meant the attendant of Mochta."

• attestation: So it seems probable that the Welsh ILyr'' is no other word than the Goidelic genitive Lir, retained in use with its pronunciation modified according to the habits of the Welsh language; and in that c (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "So it seems probable that the Welsh ILyr'' is no other word than the Goidelic genitive Lir, retained in use with its pronunciation modified according to the habits of the Welsh language; and in that case ' it forms comprehensive evidence, that the stories about"

• attestation: In the medieval stories of no Latin or Teutonic people does this strike one as in those of the Welsh.* This becomes intelligible only on the theory of the stories having been in Goidelic before they p (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "In the medieval stories of no Latin or Teutonic people does this strike one as in those of the Welsh.* This becomes intelligible only on the theory of the stories having been in Goidelic before they put on a Welsh dress."

• attribution: That being so, the stories which I have loosely called Goidelic may have been largely aboriginal in point of origin, and by that I mean native, pre-Celtic and non-Aryan (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter IX: Place-name Stories)

  "That being so, the stories which I have loosely called Goidelic may have been largely aboriginal in point of origin, and by that I mean native, pre-Celtic and non-Aryan."

• comparison: Lastly, that the local legend should perpetuate the Goidelic Ritta slightly modified, has its parallel in the case of Trwyd and Trwyth, and of Echd and Egel or Ecel^ pp (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter X: Difficulties of the Folklorist)

  "Lastly, that the local legend should perpetuate the Goidelic Ritta slightly modified, has its parallel in the case of Trwyd and Trwyth, and of Echd and Egel or Ecel^ pp. 541-2 and 536-7."

• attestation: But the Goidelic form was at the same time probably Ritta^ with a genitive RManttf for an earlier Ritton (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter X: Difficulties of the Folklorist)

  "But the Goidelic form was at the same time probably Ritta^ with a genitive RManttf for an earlier Ritton."

• attribution: It is worth while calling attention likewise to Goidelic indications afforded by the topography of Eryri, to wit such cases as Bwlch Mwrchan or Mwlchan, ' Mwrchan's Pass/ sometimes made into BwUh Mrvy (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter X: Difficulties of the Folklorist)

  "It is worth while calling attention likewise to Goidelic indications afforded by the topography of Eryri, to wit such cases as Bwlch Mwrchan or Mwlchan, ' Mwrchan's Pass/ sometimes made into BwUh Mrvyalchen or even Bwlch y Fwyalchen, ' the Ousel's Gap/ near ILyn Gwynain; the remarkable remains called Muriau'r Dre, 'the Town Walls' — otherwise known as Tre'r Gwydelod*, 'the Goidels' town ' — on the land of Gwastad Annas at the top of Nanhwynain; and Bwlch y Gwydel, still higher towards Pen Gwryd, may have meant the ' Goidel's Pass.'"

• attestation: That is not all, for Connws turns out to be the Welsh pronunciation of the Goidelic name Cunagussus, of which we have the Latinized genitive on the Bodfedan menhir, some distance northeast of the rail (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter X: Difficulties of the Folklorist)

  "That is not all, for Connws turns out to be the Welsh pronunciation of the Goidelic name Cunagussus, of which we have the Latinized genitive on the Bodfedan menhir, some distance northeast of the railway station of Ty Croes."

• attestation: In any case, Kelert or Gelert with its rt cannot be a genuine Welsh name: the older spellings seem to indicate two pronunciations^ a Goidelic one, Kelert, and a Welsh one, Kelarih or Keitarth, which h (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter X: Difficulties of the Folklorist)

  "In any case, Kelert or Gelert with its rt cannot be a genuine Welsh name: the older spellings seem to indicate two pronunciations^ a Goidelic one, Kelert, and a Welsh one, Kelarih or Keitarth, which has not survived."

• attribution: ' Such as that of a holding called Wglt Damd ap Gwgisatitfimij the Utter part of which is perversely written or wrongly read so for Gwas Sani Frtiiy a rendering into Welsh of the very Goidelic name, M (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter X: Difficulties of the Folklorist)

  "' Such as that of a holding called Wglt Damd ap Gwgisatitfimij the Utter part of which is perversely written or wrongly read so for Gwas Sani Frtiiy a rendering into Welsh of the very Goidelic name, Ma$l-Bngte, ' Servant of St Bridget.'"

• attestation: Goidelic family of ILyr from power in this country (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter X: Difficulties of the Folklorist)

  "the Caswatton who ousts the Goidelic family of ILyr from power in this country"

• attestation: This brings the Goidelic element down to the sixth century* (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter X: Difficulties of the Folklorist)

  "This brings the Goidelic element down to the sixth century*."

• attestation: This would be the earliest instance known of the prefixing of the pronoun mo, ' my,' in its reverential application, which was confined' in later ages to the names of Goidelic saints (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter X: Difficulties of the Folklorist)

  "This would be the earliest instance known of the prefixing of the pronoun mo, ' my,' in its reverential application, which was confined' in later ages to the names of Goidelic saints."

• attribution: Among the speakers of Goidelic in Ireland and the Highlands of Scotland the fairies take their designation chiefly from a word sid or silh (genitive side or sida), which one may possibly consider as o (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter XII: Race in Folklore and Myth)

  "Among the speakers of Goidelic in Ireland and the Highlands of Scotland the fairies take their designation chiefly from a word sid or silh (genitive side or sida), which one may possibly consider as of a common origin with the Latin word sedes, and as originally meaning a seat or settlement, but it sooner or later came to signify simply an abode of the fairies, whence they were called in Medieval Irish aes side/iavcy ioW,' fer side, 'a fairy man,' and ben side, 'a fairy woman or banshee'"

• attestation: 550-1I how the adjective hen, 'old, ancient,' is applied in Welsh to several of the chief men of the Don group, and by this one may probably understand that they were old not merely to those who told (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter XII: Race in Folklore and Myth)

  "In the next place, it has been pointed out (pp. 550-1I how the adjective hen, 'old, ancient,' is applied in Welsh to several of the chief men of the Don group, and by this one may probably understand that they were old not merely to those who told the stories about them in Welsh, but to those who put those stories together in Goidelic ages earlier."

• attestation: Lastly, it is the widely spread race of the Picts, conquered by the Celts of the Celtican or Goidelic branch and amalgamating with their conquerors in the course of time, that has left its non-Aryan i (Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx > Volume II > Chapter XII: Race in Folklore and Myth)

  "Lastly, it is the widely spread race of the Picts, conquered by the Celts of the Celtican or Goidelic branch and amalgamating with their conquerors in the course of time, that has left its non-Aryan impress on the syntax of the Celtic languages of the British Isles."